Getting married in Bahrain

Legal framework and general overview of marriages in Bahrain

Bahrain prides itself on being a tolerant nation that respects various cultures and traditions. This inclusivity extends to its marriage laws, which accommodate different religions and customs. Whether you are a resident or a non-resident, Bahrain's legal framework makes it possible for expatriates to get married, regardless of nationality or religion. However, the procedures and requirements vary depending on several factors, such as nationality, religion, and residency status.

The Ministry of Justice, Islamic Affairs, and Awqaf oversees the marriage process for both locals and foreigners in the Kingdom. Embassies also play a crucial role in facilitating the marriage of expatriates by verifying that all legal requirements are met according to both Bahraini law and the laws of their home countries.

Read also Visas for Bahrain

General procedure for getting married in Bahrain

While the process of getting married in Bahrain is well-defined, it involves multiple steps. Here's how you can go about it:

Embassy visits and initial steps

The first step for expat couples wishing to marry in Bahrain is to contact their respective embassies. This is necessary for several reasons:

• Embassy assistance: The embassies ensure that both individuals are legally eligible to marry, which typically involves confirming that neither party is currently married or legally restricted from remarrying.
• Document verification: Embassies guide couples in gathering and submitting the required documents, such as birth certificates, identification cards, residency permits, and—if applicable—divorce decrees.
• No Objection Certificate (NOC): One of the key documents needed is the NOC, issued by the respective embassy. This certificate confirms that the embassy has no objections to the marriage and that the couple meets the necessary legal requirements. It is mandatory to proceed with marriage registration in Bahrain.

Both partners must visit their embassies, even if they share the same nationality, as embassy-specific procedures may vary. Early consultations with embassy officials can help avoid potential delays and clarify any unique requirements.

Medical examination

In Bahrain, couples planning to marry must undergo a medical examination, a standard procedure aimed at safeguarding public health. The examination typically includes:

• Blood tests: These are conducted to detect any sexually transmitted diseases (e.g., HIV) and hereditary conditions that could impact the couple's future family planning.
• General health check: This examination assesses the overall health of both partners to ensure there are no major health concerns.

To ensure that the results are recognized by Bahraini authorities, it is recommended that the medical examination be conducted at an accredited medical facility in Bahrain. The results must then be submitted to the Ministry of Justice along with other necessary documents.

Read also Healthcare in Bahrain

Document submission to the Ministry of Justice

After receiving the No Objection Certificate and completing the medical examination, couples need to submit a set of documents to the Ministry of Justice. These typically include:

• No Objection Certificate (NOC) from the respective embassies;
• Medical examination results confirming the health of both partners;
• Passports and residency permits: Photocopies of valid passports and residency permits, self-attested by the couple.
• Proof of identity: Additional identification documents, such as national ID cards, may be required.
• Employment and residency information: Documents related to employment and residency in Bahrain, as applicable.

The Ministry reviews these documents to ensure their authenticity and compliance with the legal requirements. It's worth noting that this review process may take some time, so couples should be patient and prepared for potential delays.

Read also Working in Bahrain

Obtaining a partner visa

Once the Ministry of Justice has verified the submitted documents, the next step involves filing an application for the partner visa through Bahrain's Nationality, Passports, and Residence Affairs (NPRA). Couples must schedule an appointment with the NPRA to present their case and provide any additional information or documentation that may be requested. The application generally includes filling out specific forms, paying the requisite fees (approximately BHD 100 to BHD 200, or $265 to $530), and obtaining a stamped acknowledgment of submission. Once the application is processed, the NPRA will issue the partner visa, typically valid for one to two years, depending on the sponsor's employment contract and residency permit. It is essential to maintain proper communication with the NPRA during this period and ensure that all documents remain valid to avoid delays or complications.

Obtaining the bride's father's permission for Muslim marriages in Bahrain

For Muslim marriages in Bahrain, it is customary for the bride's father to provide formal consent for the marriage. If the father cannot be present, a notarized document granting permission must be obtained. This document should be verified by the relevant authorities in the bride's home country. In cases where the father is deceased or unavailable, other male family members can provide the required consent, though specific rules may apply.

It is advisable to check with the Ministry of Justice or the embassy to understand the exact requirements, as these may vary based on individual circumstances.

In Bahrain, the ability of a Muslim man or woman to marry a non-Muslim is governed by Islamic law. A Muslim man may marry a non-Muslim woman, provided she is from the People of the Book—Christian or Jewish—while maintaining her religious beliefs. However, a Muslim woman cannot marry a non-Muslim man unless he converts to Islam before the marriage. These rules are reflective of Islamic principles and are strictly adhered to under Bahrain's legal framework. Such marriages require the approval of the Ministry of Justice and Islamic Affairs, and the process involves verifying religious status and ensuring compliance with Islamic law. Couples are advised to consult legal experts or the Ministry directly to fully understand the requirements and obtain proper guidance.

Men (and women) who would like to officially convert to Islam often procure the services of Islamic establishments like Discover Islam to facilitate the process and ensure that it goes smoothly.

Marriage ceremony types in Bahrain

Bahrain offers flexibility in terms of the type of marriage ceremony, catering to both civil and religious preferences.

Civil marriages

Expatriates who wish to have a civil ceremony can do so with officials authorized by the Ministry of Justice. This option is popular among couples from different religious backgrounds or those who prefer a non-religious ceremony.

Religious marriages

Bahrain also permits religious ceremonies for Muslims, Christians, Hindus, Sikhs, and other faiths. Couples should contact their respective religious institutions to understand the specific requirements, as each has its own procedures.

All marriage ceremonies in Bahrain require two male witnesses over the age of 21. Witnesses must present valid identification during the ceremony.

Registration and authentication of marriages in Bahrain

Once the marriage ceremony has been conducted, the next step is to register the marriage with the Ministry of Justice as follows:

• Registration with the Ministry: After the ceremony, the marriage officiant provides a marriage certificate, which must be submitted to the Ministry of Justice for official registration. This process legally validates the marriage within Bahrain.
• Authentication by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs: While not always mandatory, having the marriage certificate authenticated by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs is recommended. This can facilitate legal matters such as obtaining visas or updating marital status on official documents.
• Translation of the marriage certificate: If the certificate is only in Arabic, it should be translated into one of the couple's native languages. The Ministry of Justice offers translation services for a fee, ensuring accuracy and acceptance by the authorities.

The authenticated and translated marriage certificate must be provided to the relevant embassies to ensure recognition in the couple's home countries, allowing for legal changes such as name updates on passports or obtaining spousal visas.

Costs related to getting married in Bahrain

The cost of getting married in Bahrain varies based on several factors, including embassy fees, medical examination costs, Ministry of Justice charges, and the type of ceremony, as follows:

• Embassy fees: The No Objection Certificate and document verification costs can vary by embassy, and generally fall between BHD 20 to BHD 50 (approximately $53 to $133). Couples should contact their embassies to obtain specific details.
• Medical examination costs: These depend on the medical facility chosen but are typically reasonable. At registered clinics, they typically range from BHD 30 to BHD 50 (around $80 to $133). It is advisable to select a registered clinic to avoid issues with document acceptance.
• Ministry of Justice fees: There may be fees, averaging BHD 25 to BHD 50 (about $66 to $133) associated with document processing and marriage registration, varying depending on the nature of the ceremony.
• Translation and authentication fees: If required, translating and authenticating the marriage certificate incurs additional costs, usually around BHD 10 to BHD 30 ($27 to $80).
• Venue and ceremony costs: Expenses related to the ceremony itself depend on the chosen venue, starting from BHD 200 ($530) for simple ceremonies and going up to several thousand dinars for larger, more elaborate celebrations. Whether it's a civil service, religious ceremony, or cultural celebration, many wedding venues offer comprehensive packages, including the ceremony and reception.

Overall, couples are encouraged to plan their budgets carefully and consult with the respective entities to confirm current rates.

Marriage venues in Bahrain

Bahrain offers a variety of venues for weddings, ranging from traditional settings to modern locations:

• Places of worship: Christian churches, Hindu temples, The House of Ten Commandments (aka Bahrain's Synagogue), and Sikh gurdwaras are available for religious ceremonies.
• Luxury hotels: Hotels like Four Seasons Bahrain Bay, The Ritz-Carlton, and The Diplomat Radisson Blu offer wedding packages that cover everything from the ceremony to the reception.
• Creative locations: Couples can opt for unique venues like the Bahrain International Circuit, private islands, beach resorts, or desert sites for an unforgettable wedding experience.

Good to know:

Bahrain has experienced wedding planners who specialize in helping expatriates. Many five-star hotels in Bahrain offer wedding planning services as part of their packages, ensuring a seamless experience. Independent wedding planners are also available to help couples choose venues, handle documentation, and manage logistics.

Read also The lifestyle in Bahrain

Getting married in Bahrain: Cultural considerations and etiquette

While planning a wedding in Bahrain, it's essential for expatriates to be aware of the local customs and cultural expectations, even though the country is known for its liberal stance compared to some of its neighbors. Bahrain's multicultural environment allows for a blend of traditions, but it's still crucial to approach your wedding with sensitivity to Bahraini customs.

Modesty

One of the core values in Bahraini culture is modesty, which extends to both attire and behavior. Although Western-style weddings are quite common, especially among expatriates, it's advisable to consider more conservative attire when attending weddings hosted by families from a more conservative background. For brides, this often means opting for dresses with higher necklines, covered shoulders, and less revealing designs, particularly if the wedding takes place in a religious venue. It's also a good idea for all guests, including expatriates, to dress appropriately, as it reflects respect for the hosts. However, it is noteworthy that Bahraini culture is diverse, and families have lifestyles that are as diverse as the diversity of religions in Bahrain. Many Bahrainis also opt for modern wedding ceremonies, so it is good to ask and check before deciding on your attire when attending a wedding.

Gender separation

Traditionally, some Bahraini families may practice gender separation during the wedding ceremony and reception. This means that men and women celebrate in separate areas, with the bride and groom joining their respective groups after the ceremony. However, it's important to note that not all families opt for this arrangement. In recent years, many Bahraini couples, especially among the younger generation, have chosen to embrace more modern, mixed-gender ceremonies and receptions, similar to what is commonly seen in Western weddings. This evolving trend reflects the Kingdom's open-minded approach and the influence of a diverse expatriate community.

Expatriates planning their weddings in Bahrain are not required to adhere to gender-segregated practices but should be mindful of this cultural aspect if attending a local wedding. It's always wise to ask about the wedding format in advance to ensure that your attire and behavior align with the host's expectations.

Alcohol regulations

While Bahrain permits alcohol consumption in designated venues like hotels, restaurants, and private clubs, drinking in public areas is prohibited. For weddings, alcohol can be served if the venue has a valid license, but it is recommended to ensure that this aligns with the wishes of Bahraini guests, as some may prefer not to attend events where alcohol is served. Respecting these boundaries, though not mandatory, can help maintain a positive relationship with local guests and adhere to cultural etiquette.

Photography

Photography is a cherished part of Bahraini weddings, just as it is in many other cultures. However, sensitivity is necessary when capturing moments in public or at events, as some Bahraini guests may prefer not to be photographed, particularly women. It is always courteous to ask for consent before taking photos, especially in public spaces or at traditional gatherings.

Incorporating local traditions

Bahraini weddings often feature unique cultural elements that add vibrancy to the celebrations. Expatriate couples looking to create a more culturally immersive experience can consider incorporating some of these traditional aspects into their ceremonies.

Jerba and Laywa dance: While the Ardha, a traditional sword dance performed mainly in Saudi Arabia, is less common in Bahrain, local weddings might feature other traditional dances, such as the Jerba and the Laywa. The Jerba is a traditional folk instrument from Bahrain and Kuwait. It is a double-reeded, single-chantered bagpipe. The bag is usually made from the skin of a goat and filled with air via the mouth. The lower part of the bag is attached to a wooden flute-like instrument which has either 4 or 6 holes. The two reeds are positioned side by side, which produces a harmonious double note. The music elicits a rhythmic folk dance that showcases fast-paced drumming and chanting, creating a lively and engaging atmosphere. It is often performed at celebratory events, with guests joining in the dance to express joy and solidarity.

The Laywa is another cultural dance rooted in African influences, reflecting Bahrain's historical ties to trade routes. Male participants arrange themselves into a circle, which is anchored by one or several drum players. A man paces in the middle of the group, playing a simple reed instrument called mizmar or surnai, whose plaintive sharp sound reminds the listener of an oboe. The circle claps and dances in place while individuals join a line that rhythmically paces around the inside of the circle. The Laywa is a more casual dance than the others and can be performed with great spirit and banter from the young men who usually take part. This dance features drums, rhythmic chants, and a more improvisational style, making it a popular choice for festive occasions, including weddings.

Henna night: The Henna Night, known as Laylat al-Henna, is a significant pre-wedding tradition in Bahrain, especially among Muslim families. This event, usually held a day or two before the wedding, is exclusively for women. It involves intricate henna designs being applied to the bride's hands and feet as a symbol of good luck, joy, and protection against the evil eye. Female friends and relatives of the bride also participate, celebrating with music, dance, and traditional songs. While expatriates may not be familiar with this custom, incorporating a Henna Night into the wedding celebrations can offer a unique cultural experience that brings together both Bahraini and international traditions.

Jelwa ceremony: The Jelwa is another cherished tradition in Bahraini weddings, often held on the eve of the wedding. This ceremony involves the bride wearing a brightly colored traditional dress, usually adorned with gold embroidery, while sitting on a raised platform. During the Jelwa, the bride is surrounded by her female relatives, who sing traditional songs that symbolize joy and blessings for a prosperous marriage. The Jelwa is a spectacle of music, dance, and family bonding, making it a meaningful addition to any wedding celebration that wishes to embrace Bahraini customs.

Language and communication

While English is widely spoken in Bahrain, it's helpful to learn a few basic Arabic phrases, especially when interacting with older family members or guests who may not be fluent in English. Simple greetings or expressions of gratitude in Arabic can make a positive impression and show respect for the local culture. Additionally, hiring bilingual wedding planners or coordinators can help bridge any communication gaps during the ceremony or reception.

Divorce in Bahrain

Unfortunately, not all marriages result in happy endings. For that reason, in Bahrain, marriage and divorce are regulated by the Personal Status Law, which governs the rights and obligations of individuals within familial relationships. This legal framework varies depending on the religious affiliation of the couple, which influences both the procedures for divorce and the legal standing of a foreign spouse in case of their Bahraini spouse's death.

Personal Affairs Law

The Personal Status Law, enacted in Bahrain, provides the legal framework for family matters, including marriage, divorce, inheritance, and custody.

The law is divided into two parts:

Sunni Jurisprudence: Covers Sunni Muslims and is administered through the Sunni Sharia Courts.

Shia Jurisprudence: Covers Shia Muslims, with proceedings handled by the Ja'fari Sharia Courts.

For expatriates or non-Muslims, family matters may be handled in Bahrain's Civil Courts, which typically apply the law of the expatriates' nationality.

Divorce procedures

The divorce process in Bahrain differs based on the couple's religious background:

For Muslim couples:

• Sunni Jurisprudence: Divorce for Sunni couples is governed by the Sunni section of the Personal Status Law.
• Shia Jurisprudence: Shia couples follow the Ja'fari rules, which are distinct and may involve additional steps such as formal declarations before religious authorities.

Any spouse can initiate a divorce. Men have the ability to declare a divorce (talaq), whereas women must file for divorce based on specific reasons like harm or abandonment.

Sharia Courts manage divorce proceedings, mediating matters related to financial settlements, child custody, and support.

For non-Muslim couples

• Cases are handled by the High Civil Court, which often applies the law of the husband's nationality. Couples must provide legalized translations of relevant foreign laws, which can be complex and time-consuming.

Obtaining a divorce certificate

Couples must submit their divorce application to the Ministry of Justice, Islamic Affairs, and Awqaf. Required documents include:

• The original marriage certificate (or a police report if it is lost);
• Valid identification documents for both parties;
• Proof of residency in Bahrain.

If one party is a foreign national, a No Objection Certificate may be required from the respective embassy.

Some cases may require medical and counseling reports related to reconciliation attempts or health conditions affecting the marriage.

The Sharia or Civil Court reviews the application, ensuring compliance with Bahraini law.

Once the divorce is approved, the certificate is issued by the Ministry of Justice.

Custody and alimony

In cases of divorce, custody decisions prioritize the child's welfare. Mothers are typically granted custody of young children, but fathers may retain guardianship.

Alimony and maintenance are determined based on financial capacity and the needs of the dependents.

Death of an expat's Bahraini spouse

When a Bahraini spouse passes away, the foreign spouse's status in Bahrain could change, especially in areas like:

Residency: The residency permit of a foreign spouse, which is linked to their Bahraini partner, might be canceled unless it is renewed or transferred to another sponsor (for example, through an employer or the sponsorship of a child who has Bahraini nationality).

Inheritance: In Bahrain, Muslim inheritances are governed by Sharia law, which might influence the rights of a foreign spouse. Non-Muslims are subject to civil court decisions, which are based on their own nationality or the deceased's last will.

Property ownership: There may be limitations for foreign spouses in retaining ownership of property, particularly if it was owned jointly with the Bahraini spouse.

Read also Accommodation in Bahrain

If a foreign spouse in Bahrain faces the death of their Bahraini partner, there are several important steps to take. Firstly, the death must be reported to the Information and eGovernment Authority within 72 hours. It is also crucial to engage legal counsel to assist with securing inheritance rights or custody of children, if applicable. Additionally, the foreign spouse should apply for a continuation of their residency under Bahraini legal provisions if they wish to remain in the country. Foreign spouses are advised to keep their documentation, such as marriage certificates and wills, updated to facilitate any legal proceedings. Consulting with legal professionals on matters related to residency, inheritance, and custody is essential to navigating Bahraini law effectively. Exploring options for self-sponsorship or employment-based residency can also be beneficial for those looking to stay in Bahrain after the death of a spouse or a divorce.

Useful links:

Ministry of Justice, Islamic Affairs and Awqaf, Bahrain - Marriage procedures and requirements

Embassies and Consulates in Bahraini territories - Guidelines for marriage for expatriates

Government Services in the Kingdom of Bahrain - Legal procedures for wedding/ marriage

Marrying non-Muslims in Bahrain