Living in Bahrain: the ultimate expat guide

Moving to Bahrain? This small yet dynamic island nation in the Persian Gulf is a popular destination for expatriates, known for its welcoming culture and affordable cost of living. As you prepare for life in Bahrain, understanding the essentials—from cultural norms and living costs to job opportunities—is crucial. This article provides the key insights you need to make your transition smooth and successful.

Have you ever imagined living in a place where ancient history meets modern development? Bahrain, a small archipelago nation situated centrally in the Persian Gulf, offers precisely that blend. This small island nation comprises around 50 islands and is strategically located between Saudi Arabia and Qatar. Despite its modest size, Bahrain has emerged as a lively hub for expatriates from all around the globe, with foreigners making up about 53% of the total population. It's no surprise—Bahrain's welcoming nature and rich cultural heritage provide a high quality of life for expatriate families.

A glimpse into Bahraini society

Bahrain's society is an interesting mix of cultures, traditions, and modern influences, making it one of the most open and tolerant places in the Gulf region. Unlike some of its neighbors, Bahrain boasts a relatively low cost of living, which adds to its appeal among expatriates. If you're looking to experience the Middle East in a comfortable and affordable way, Bahrain certainly makes it onto the list of desirable places to live.

The meaning behind Bahrain's Name

Bahrain is nicknamed "the land of two seas". The term “Bahrain” comes from the Arabic word “Al Bahrayn,” which literally translates to "two seas." But what are these two seas? Historically, the name likely refers to the presence of both salty waters from the Persian Gulf and the freshwater springs that are found on the island's geothermally active soil. These freshwater springs were once essential to early Bahraini settlers, providing a crucial water source long before modern desalination technologies became available.

Bahrain's fascinating historical journey

Surprising to many, Bahrain's history stretches back to around 5,000 to 6,000 years. That's right—this small nation was home to the Dilmun civilization, a key player in ancient trade networks connecting Mesopotamia and the Indus Valley. Ancient Sumerian records even describe Dilmun as a holy land of abundance. Today, the remnants of this civilization, such a the iconic burial mounds and the Qal'at al-Bahrain (Bahrain Fort), a UNESCO World Heritage site, serve as silent witnesses to the island's historical significance.

Over the centuries, Bahrain's shores have witnessed the influence of various powers. First came the Babylonians and Sumerians, followed by the Greeks, who referred to Bahrain as “Tylos,” known for its pearl-rich waters. The island later came under Persian, Portuguese, and Ottoman rule, each leaving behind traces of their culture and architecture. Interestingly, the Portuguese established forts on the island in the 16th century to protect their trade routes—an example of how Bahrain's strategic position attracted empires throughout history.

The Al Khalifa family, who arrived from the Arabian Peninsula in the 18th century, changed Bahrain's trajectory once again, establishing themselves as the rulers of the island. By the 19th century, Bahrain became a British protectorate, but not without gaining significant modern advancements, particularly in education and healthcare.

Bahrain's contributions to education and culture

Bahrain was the first Gulf country to establish formal schooling. The Al-Hidaya Al-Khalifia Boys School, founded in 1919, marked the beginning of formal education in the region. This pioneering spirit continued in 1928 with the establishment of the Khadija Al-Kubra Girls School, making Bahrain a trailblazer in female education as well.

Bahrain didn't stop at education, it pioneered in many sociocultural aspects as well. Bahrain was the first Gulf state to open a public library in 1940, establish a national museum in 1988, and even provide radio broadcasting services as early as 1940, later evolving to television in 1973. These milestones showcase Bahrain's forward-thinking approach and appreciation for cultural development, making it a key cultural hub in the Gulf.

Bahrain's road to independence

In 1971, Bahrain gained its independence from British control, becoming the second Gulf state, after Kuwait, to regain sovereignty. However, its position as the first Gulf nation to discover oil in 1932 had already set Bahrain on a path to rapid development. The discovery fueled modernization efforts, transforming the island into one of the wealthier nations in the region.

Understanding Bahrain's geography

The island nation covers roughly 780 square kilometers, making it one of the smallest countries in the world. Despite its size, it plays a significant role in the region, thanks to its strategic location between the eastern coast of Saudi Arabia and the Qatar Peninsula. The capital, Manama, serves as Bahrain's financial heart, where sleek skyscrapers blend with traditional souks, creating a unique cityscape.

Bahrain's topography is mostly flat, with Jabal ad-Dukhan—which translates to “Mountain of Smoke”—standing as the highest point at 134 meters above sea level. Named after the mist that often envelops its summit, this central ridge is surrounded by desert plains and rocky

formations, creating a landscape that's both stark and beautiful. The northern part of Bahrain, which includes Manama, is more fertile and supports agricultural activities, thanks to the presence of natural springs.

Bahrain's land reclamation efforts

Here's an interesting fact: Bahrain has increased its total land area through large-scale land reclamation projects. Originally, the archipelago consisted of 33 islands, but due to reclamation efforts, that number has grown to about 50. Projects like Reef Island, Amwaj Islands, and Dilmunia have transformed Bahrain's coastline, creating new residential areas and boosting tourism. These reclaimed areas aren't just about adding land; they represent Bahrain's ambition to expand its real estate market and economic footprint in the Gulf.

The King Fahd Causeway: A symbol of connectivity

One of Bahrain's most remarkable infrastructure developments is the King Fahd Causeway, which links Bahrain to Saudi Arabia. Opened in 1986, this 25-kilometer (16-mile) bridge has facilitated economic ties, trade, and tourism between the two countries. The causeway also serves as a testament to the strong political and economic relationship between Bahrain and Saudi Arabia, making it an essential feature of Bahrain's connectivity.

Bahrain's climate

When you think of Bahrain, you probably picture hot, sunny weather—and you'd be right. Bahrain experiences a subtropical desert climate, characterized by scorching summers and mild winters. Summer stretches from May to September, with temperatures often soaring above 40°C (104°F). July and August are especially intense, with some days exceeding 50°C (122°F). During these months, air-conditioning becomes more of a necessity than a luxury and is installed in most if not all, indoor spaces.

Winter, on the other hand, offers a welcome relief from the heat. From December to February, daytime temperatures range between 15°C to 25°C (59°F to 77°F), with night temperatures occasionally dropping below 10°C (50°F). Rainfall is scarce, with an average annual precipitation of about 70 mm (2.8 inches), usually occurring between December and March.

The demographic tapestry of Bahrain

Bahrain is often described as a melting pot of cultures, and it's not hard to see why. Over 54% of its population comprises expatriates hailing from South Asia, Southeast Asia, Europe, and other Arab nations. The remaining 46% are native Bahrainis, predominantly Arab Muslims. The official language is Arabic, but English is widely spoken, especially in business and daily interactions.

Bahrain's diverse population has fostered a culture of tolerance and openness. Festivals, public events, and cultural celebrations often reflect this diversity, creating a sense of unity among the various communities. Interfaith dialogue is encouraged, and religious minorities enjoy the freedom to worship.

Women's role in Bahraini society

Bahraini women have long been active participants in education, business, and politics. Not only do women pursue higher education at impressive rates—65% of the total female population is enrolled in higher education compared to 35% of men—they also represent nearly 40% of the national workforce. You'll find Bahraini women excelling in medicine, engineering, law, and business, often leading key sectors of the economy.

Historically, Bahraini women have contributed significantly to sociocultural and political movements. Organizations like the first feminist women's NGO: the Bahrain Young Ladies Association (Al-Nahda), which is the first women's association not only in Bahrain but in the Gulf and the Arabian Peninsula, established in 1955, the Women's Union, established in 1970, and the Supreme Council for Women, established in 2001; have played vital roles in advancing women's rights. Today, women hold around 17% of seats in the National Assembly, and several have achieved international recognition in business, arts, and leadership roles.

The multi-religious landscape of Bahrain

Islam is the dominant religion in Bahrain, with approximately 70% of the citizens identifying as Muslim. Shia Muslims make up the majority, while Sunni Muslims constitute a smaller segment of the population. However, the nation's religious landscape is far more diverse than it might appear at first glance. Around 30% of Bahrain's residents adhere to various other faiths, including Christianity, Hinduism, Buddhism, and Baha'ism, along with a very small Jewish community. This mix has contributed to a unique culture of interfaith harmony, which is uncommon in many parts of the world.

The Bahraini constitution enshrines freedom of worship, ensuring that every community can practice its beliefs openly. In addition to mosques, the island is home to churches, Hindu temples, and even a synagogue, reflecting the nation's multicultural ethos. The government also actively supports initiatives promoting interfaith dialogue and understanding. Festivals and religious events from different faiths are widely celebrated, creating an atmosphere of inclusivity that resonates throughout society. This unique coexistence is not just tolerated; it is embraced as a symbol of Bahrain's modern identity. It is not unusual to see Bahraini Muslims

join their expatriate friends in celebrating Christmas, Diwali, or other interfaith celebrations, making it clear that Bahrain genuinely values diversity.

Bahrain's political framework

Bahrain operates as a constitutional monarchy, with the King Hamad Bin Isa Al Khalifa serving as the head of state. The National Assembly, which is bicameral, consists of the Shura Council (appointed by the King) and the Council of Representatives (elected by citizens). While the Council of Representatives has the power to initiate legislation, both chambers must approve it before the King ratifies it into law.

Despite efforts to enhance transparency, Bahrain's political system maintains a certain level of centralized control, with the monarchy retaining significant authority, including the power to dissolve the National Assembly. Nevertheless, the government has taken steps towards greater civic participation, aiming to create a more open society.

Bahrain's economic diversity

Bahrain's economy has evolved significantly over the years, shifting from a reliance on oil to becoming a regional hub for financial services, ICT, manufacturing, and tourism. Historically, Bahrain's economic activities centered around pearl diving, fishing, and trade, but the discovery of oil in 1932 brought about rapid modernization. This newfound wealth led to significant investments in infrastructure, healthcare, and education, laying the foundation for the diversified economy we see today.

In recent decades, Bahrain has actively reduced its dependence on oil, which now accounts for just 18% of its GDP. The financial sector has grown to contribute over 34% of the country's GDP, making Manama a key player in the region's banking industry. The Central Bank of Bahrain and the Bahrain Financial Harbor have positioned the island as a crucial financial hub, attracting global firms seeking a stable base in the Gulf.

But Bahrain's economic ambitions extend beyond finance. The country has developed a strong manufacturing sector, with Aluminum Bahrain (ALBA), one of the world's largest aluminum smelters, as a major contributor to its industrial output. The ICT sector is another area of growth, with tech startups and international companies increasingly setting up operations in Bahrain's free zones. Additionally, the tourism sector continues to thrive, driven by a mix of historical sites, cultural events, and modern attractions like the Bahrain International Circuit, home to the Formula 1 Grand Prix. This broad economic base not only fosters resilience but also aligns with Bahrain's Vision 2030, aimed at sustainable growth and socio-economic development.

Bahrain's labor market

Some of the most promising sectors for expats looking to work in Bahrain are financial services, Information and Communication Technology (ICT), manufacturing, logistics and transportation, tourism, and hospitality.

Bahrain's labor market presents numerous opportunities for expatriates, especially in industries with a strong demand for skilled foreign workers. According to recent data from the Labour Market Regulatory Authority (LMRA), the construction sector employs the highest number of expatriates, accounting for approximately 23% of new work permits issued to foreign nationals as of mid-2024. Following closely are the wholesale and retail trade sectors, representing 20% of new permits, and the accommodation and food services industry, which accounts for 14%.

These figures highlight key industries where expatriates are in high demand. The construction industry leads in employment opportunities due to ongoing infrastructure and development projects. Similarly, the retail trade and hospitality sectors are flourishing, driven by Bahrain's position as a regional hub for commerce and tourism.

Conclusion

Bahrain is much more than an island nation; it's a place where history, culture, and economic ambition intertwine seamlessly. From its role as an ancient trading hub during the Dilmun civilization to its present-day status as a regional financial center, Bahrain has successfully navigated centuries of change without losing its cultural essence. Whether you're a tourist, investor, or potential expatriate, Bahrain offers a vibrant and welcoming environment.

Useful links:

National Portal of Bahrain

Central Informatics Organization