Immigration and labor policies: What's new worldwide?

Germany: Visas and social media monitoring by police to combat illegal immigration

German police are increasingly monitoring social media to identify foreign nationals applying for Schengen visas. While state administrative services primarily review applications based on objective criteria such as document compliance, subjective factors like the "plausibility" of travel reasons are also scrutinized. A confidential manual now includes social media presence as an additional subjective criterion, evaluating publicly available content such as liked, shared, and commented posts, as well as subscriptions, that can reveal extensive personal information, including educational and professional backgrounds, preferred countries, family connections, and potential future destinations.

The German police stress that they do not access private data, focusing solely on publicly available information. This approach aligns with methods used in other countries, including the United States, despite criticism. Additionally, German authorities developed "risk profiles" in cooperation with the European Border and Coast Guard Agency (Frontex), which itself has faced scandals related to opacity, fraud, and mismanagement. Recent debates have also arisen over the use of AI in creating these profiles, with concerns about potential biases that could unjustly target specific groups.

Germany's labor strategy involving Kenya

In response to ongoing labor shortages, Germany has systematically forged new migration agreements, with the latest being with Kenya on September 13, following earlier agreements with India in 2022 and Georgia in 2023. The German-Kenyan agreement encompasses provisions for long-term study visas, vocational training, and job opportunities. Upon visa expiration, Kenyan expatriates are eligible for a residence permit lasting up to two years to continue their education, extendable under certain conditions if their academic or professional objectives are within reach. Additionally, Kenyans securing "approved jobs" may see their temporary residence permits extended.

Significantly, IT professionals from Kenya can relocate to Germany even without formal qualifications, addressing critical gaps in the tech industry. Moreover, the agreement targets Kenyan healthcare and education professionals to mitigate severe shortages in these sectors. However, it also includes provisions for the return of Kenyans unable to secure the right to stay, a point emphasized by the German Chancellor. This aspect of the agreement sparked a discrepancy in communication; while the Kenyan President claimed the treaty would secure "250,000 jobs" for Kenyan talent, German officials refuted this, stating the agreement specifies "no numbers or quotas."

This has not only fueled controversy but also raised concerns about a potential brain drain from Kenya amidst a less welcoming environment in Germany, further complicated by the reinstatement of EU border controls.

Germany reinstates border controls, stirring EU tensions

On Monday, September 9, the German Chancellor announced the reinstatement of border controls, extending measures already in place at the Austrian border since 2015 and at the borders with Poland, Switzerland, and the Czech Republic since 2023, to now include France, Belgium, Luxembourg, Denmark, and the Netherlands. This development marks a significant shift from the EU's principle of free movement.

German Interior Minister Nancy Faeser defends this policy adjustment, citing the need to curb illegal immigration and enhance protection against terrorism as the primary motivations. The move has received backing from France's new Interior Minister, who lauded it as a model for the EU, while Switzerland has expressed opposition.

Faeser emphasizes that the tightened border controls will lead to an increase in deportation rates, although it remains to be seen whether this policy shift will attract AfD voters to the social democrats. This policy has not only sparked controversy within the EU but has also highlighted a broader trend, as countries including Italy, Denmark, France, Sweden, Norway, Finland, and Slovenia also implement border controls or transit checks, often citing terrorism threats. The European Commission, while embarrassed by Germany's decision, acknowledges similar measures across the bloc.

Portugal sees a decline in work visas issued

Over the past three months, Portugal has experienced a 24% decrease in the number of work visas issued to foreigners, dropping from 1,666 in the same period in 2023 to 1,266 this year. This reduction is linked to the government's new Action Plan for Migrations, which aims to curtail the influx of expatriates. Despite this quarterly decrease, the Portuguese Ministry of Foreign Affairs points out that the total number of visas issued from January to August 2024 represents a 15% increase compared to the same period in 2023.

The recent changes come under the new government, which took office in April and has since tightened immigration policies for non-Europeans. Under the new regulations, non-European individuals must secure a job contract and obtain their work visa before arriving in Portugal, a shift from the previous allowance of seeking employment on a tourist visa. This policy adjustment reflects a more stringent approach to managing the flow of foreign workers into the country.

United Kingdom: Biometric update required for millions of visa holders

The UK Home Office has issued a directive for millions of visa holders to update their biometric information, including fingerprints and photographs. This mandate affects those with visas in categories such as "permanent resident" or "naturalization," as well as those holding visas for six months or longer. The purpose of this update is to enhance the security measures associated with British visas.

To comply with this requirement, visa holders must visit a biometric data collection center to renew their visas. Additionally, this biometric update is necessary for processing any changes in the visa holder's status, such as marriage, divorce, or childbirth. This move is part of ongoing efforts to strengthen the integrity and security of the UK's immigration system.

Rise in state pension for British expats

British retirees can look forward to a pension increase in 2025 and 2026, with expected rises of over £400, bringing the annual total to £12,000 for those who retired post-2016. For those who retired before 2016, the increase will be around £300, as these individuals receive the state's secondary pension.

These increases stem from the "Triple Lock" policy, designed to safeguard pensions against inflation and wage stagnation. More details about the specific increments to retirement pensions will be provided ahead of the budget review on October 30. It's important to note that these pension increases apply only to expatriates residing in countries that have a social security agreement with the UK.

Nevertheless, many British expatriates claim they do not receive the full pension amount due. This shortfall often results from gaps in national insurance contributions, a prevalent issue among expatriates who have worked abroad, encountered varying national legislation, or taken career breaks. Expatriates concerned about their pension status should contact their health insurance fund to verify their records or consult the UK government's pension website to confirm the amount they are entitled to.

Denmark introduces salary limits for work and residence permits

Starting in October, Denmark will enforce new salary thresholds for work and residence permits. Job offers will now need to comply with salary ranges considered "standard" in Denmark, based on the latest government income statistics from the second quarter of 2024. These statistics have been applied since October 1 to redefine "standard salaries," setting the minimum annual salary for foreigners at 495,000 Danish kroner—a rise from the previous 445,000 kroner. This 10% increase is intended to ensure that foreign workers' salaries are in line with Danish standards. The statistics are scheduled for revision every quarter, with the next update set for January 1, 2025.

Work and residence permit applications submitted after September 30, 2024, will be assessed based on these revised second quarter statistics. Applications submitted between July 1 and September 30, 2024, will be evaluated according to the first quarter figures. Expatriates seeking employment in Denmark must ensure that their future salary and employment conditions align with these updated standards. This also applies to dependents (family members who wish to work). The Danish Agency for International Recruitment and Integration (SIRI) may perform checks to enforce these standards.

Italy extends application period for temporary visas for non-Europeans

The Italian government has announced an extension in the application period for temporary work visas for non-European foreigners, clarifying that this is an amendment rather than a fundamental change to the existing immigration law or a shift in political direction. The government maintains its stance on reducing overall immigration. Non-European expatriates are still required to secure a job offer before entering Italy, and their applications will continue to be processed after those of Italian and European candidates. The criteria for obtaining a residence permit for the expatriate and their family remain stringent.

However, the planned increase in the number of days available for visa applications is intended to "improve" the immigration process. This decree is set to be presented at the Council of Ministers soon. While this adjustment aims to attract more non-European foreigners to Italy, it is important to note that existing quotas have not yet been fully met.

Additionally, the government is addressing concerns over certain exploitative business practices, where the work visa system has been used for fraudulent purposes. There are indications that in some Italian regions, the demand for visas significantly surpasses the economic need, suggesting that criminal networks may be exploiting seasonal expatriates by not providing formal employment contracts.

Greece's New Golden Visa: Innovations to attract wealthy foreign investors

Greece is poised to launch a revamped Golden Visa program, as announced by Prime Minister Kyriakos Mitsotakis. This new initiative is tailored to entice entrepreneurs, particularly startup founders and investors, in an effort to bolster the nation's economic resurgence. The updated visa will offer a 5-year residence permit to individuals who invest at least 250,000 euros in a Greek startup. Detailed information on this initiative remains sparse.

The program has not been without controversy; it faces criticism from opponents and unions who argue it primarily benefits the affluent during a period when many Greeks are struggling with a rising cost of living and stagnant wages.

In response to public concerns, significant adjustments have been made to the Golden Visa as of September 1. Notably, the minimum investment required in major tourist destinations like Thessaloniki and Santorini, and in cities with populations over 3,100, has been raised from 500,000 euros to 800,000 euros. In certain localities, the threshold for real estate investments may also increase from 250,000 euros to 400,000 euros. However, the option to invest 250,000 euros remains for specific projects, such as restoring listed buildings.

Despite these changes, Prime Minister Mitsotakis has indicated that discussions are leaning towards a gradual increase in the investment threshold required for the Golden Visa to 800,000 euros. Nevertheless, uncertainty remains, particularly concerning the investment options, which are still set at 250,000 euros.

Finland is increasing the salary threshold for expats

Finland's immigration service, Migri, is set to raise the salary thresholds required for obtaining a Finnish work permit, effective November 1. This change will specifically affect entrepreneurs, self-funded researchers, and those who have obtained a degree or qualification in Finland. The policy update is not retroactive and will only impact applications submitted from November onwards.

Under the new policy, adults will need to demonstrate an annual income of at least 14,520 euros, an increase from the previous threshold of 12,000 euros. For students, the required monthly income will rise from 560 euros to 800 euros.

Migri justifies this adjustment as a necessary step to ensure that expatriates possess adequate financial resources to sustain themselves at the prevailing income levels in Finland. Finnish authorities are advising companies to take these new salary thresholds into account when hiring foreign talent. Additionally, the updated thresholds will be adjusted to reflect regional income variations across the country.

Lithuania's strategies to attract and retain foreign talent

Lithuania is gaining traction among international students, attracted by its high-quality education and significantly lower tuition fees compared to countries like the United States, Australia, the United Kingdom, and Canada. The majority of these students come from nearby countries such as Ukraine, Georgia, and Belarus, but also from distant nations like Israel, India, Ecuador, Australia, and Guatemala. Presently, international students account for just over 10% of all students, with a notable presence in medical and scientific disciplines, constituting one-fourth of the student body.

However, retaining these students post-graduation remains a challenge. Many cite the language barrier as a major hurdle to entering the local job market. Furthermore, familial obligations often prompt them to return home after completing their studies, as many come to Lithuania primarily for skill enhancement. Currently, only about 5 to 7% of foreign graduates choose to stay and work in Lithuania.

The Lithuanian government recognizes these issues and is actively seeking solutions to improve retention rates. One notable initiative is the integration of language courses into the scholarship programs, aiming to better prepare students for life and work in Lithuania after their studies.

Changes in the legal status of foreign workers

Lithuania is refining its strategy to draw more highly skilled foreign workers while simultaneously tightening its migration policies, especially for unskilled and low-skilled expatriates. Since July 1, these changes have imposed stricter requirements for foreigners applying for temporary work residence permits.

Under the new regulations, unskilled and low-skilled expat workers must demonstrate qualifications relevant to their jobs and have at least one year of professional experience within the last three years. Additionally, their earnings must meet or exceed Lithuania's current average gross monthly wage, now set at 2,013.3 euros. Moreover, these workers must wait at least six months after receiving their permit before they can switch employers. However, foreign graduates from Lithuanian institutions who are seeking employment within the country are exempt from these new stipulations.

A significant new rule impacts non-European foreigners who possess a Schengen visa or a residence permit issued by another EU country. It bars them from working in Lithuania without first securing a Lithuanian-issued temporary residence permit. This rule does not apply to expatriates who were already employed in Lithuania before the July reforms; they are permitted to continue under the previous regulations until their contracts terminate.

Employers are also facing enhanced scrutiny and controls, particularly in hiring unskilled or low-skilled foreign workers. They must now provide a work contract of at least six months at full-time hours and ensure that the salary offered to a foreign worker is not less than that of a Lithuanian citizen in a similar position. These measures aim to balance the demand for foreign expertise with the protection of local labor standards.

Norway: The highest-paying jobs for foreign workers

Official statistics reveal that, on average, expatriate workers in Norway earn about 10% less than their Norwegian counterparts. In 2023, the average salary for foreign workers was capped at 50,270 kroner, while Norwegian locals earned around 56,360 kroner. However, exceptions exist in certain sectors where expatriates earn above the national average.

In management roles, particularly, North American, European (from countries that joined the EU before 2004), and Oceanian immigrants tend to outearn their Norwegian peers. In 2023, while the average Norwegian manager earned 82,300 kroner, their counterparts from these regions earned between 90,440 and 93,650 kroner. This discrepancy is often attributed to these managers typically being employed by large international companies, which usually offer higher salaries than smaller local businesses. Additionally, "expatriate packages" and other benefits are provided to align their salaries with what they might expect in their home countries.

Asian managers, as well as those from Latin America and the Caribbean, also slightly surpass the local average salaries in managerial positions. On the other hand, African managers and Europeans from countries that joined the EU after 2004 generally earn less than the Norwegian average, though specific reasons for these differences were not detailed in the report.

The situation for technical positions shows less consistency. Only expatriates from North America, Latin America, the Caribbean, and countries that joined the EU before 2004 earn more than locals in these roles, indicating that salary advantages for foreigners in Norway can vary significantly based on both sector and origin.

Identity cards for foreign residents on the horizon

Since 2020, Norway has introduced a national identity card to replace the bank card traditionally used for identification purposes. This card is available in two versions: one that permits travel within the European Economic Area (EEA) and Switzerland and another that does not. Holding one of these identity cards is optional.

In March 2022, the Norwegian government began to explore the possibility of extending this identity card system to include foreign nationals living in Norway. This process is complex and involves multiple stakeholders, such as justice, police, and political authorities, indicating that it's a significant bureaucratic undertaking.

The proposed identity cards would be available to foreign residents who possess a Norwegian national identification number (fødselsnummer) and either a valid residence permit or rights of residency. The government has announced plans for a "limited" release of these cards by the end of this year, managed by the police directorate. Initially, applications will only be accepted at a single designated service point, with plans to expand availability gradually throughout 2025.

As for the cost, while still under discussion, it is anticipated that the fees for these new identity cards for foreign nationals will align with the current costs for Norwegian citizens—750 kroner for those over 10 years of age, and 450 kroner for children under 10. It seems likely that foreign nationals will not be charged more than these established rates.

Switzerland: Controversy over collecting nationality data in healthcare

In Switzerland, a debate intensifies as the political arena grapples with whether foreigners disproportionately burden the healthcare system. This issue has gained traction following Germany's decision to tighten its borders, prompting the Swiss National Council to vote on a motion to collect patients' nationalities. Proponents of this measure, which passed with 105 votes in favor and 85 against, argue that this is a step towards "transparency," viewing nationality simply as a variable for analysis. However, they have not clarified the intended purpose of the study or how its results would be utilized.

Opponents, on the other hand, strongly advise against implementing the motion. They criticize the proposed annual surveys by the National Statistics Office as unnecessary, time-consuming, and discriminatory. They argue that nationality does not serve as a relevant determinant of health compared to factors like age or gender.

Health Minister Elisabeth Baume-Schneider has also criticized the complexity added by over a million people in Switzerland who hold dual nationality, raising concerns about how they would be classified and the potential for skewed statistics. She contends that the motion is redundant, emphasizing that the National Statistics Office can conduct detailed studies on healthcare costs without this new data collection. The motion is now set to proceed to the Council of States for further consideration.

Debate over raising health insurance deductibles

The Swiss Federal Council is deliberating on a proposal to increase the minimum deductible for mandatory health insurance. Residents in Switzerland currently have the option to select between two primary annual health insurance deductibles: a lower deductible of 300 francs, and a higher one at 2,500 francs, with several intermediate levels available.

Currently, 44% of the population has chosen the low deductible option. The Swiss People's Party (UDC) argues that raising the low deductible to 400 or 500 francs could alleviate the financial pressures on health insurance systems by encouraging patients to limit their visits to doctors to cases of "real problems," thus reducing unnecessary medical consultations.

Contrary to the UDC's claim, statistics show that individuals with low deductibles already tend to visit doctors less frequently. The proposal has sparked significant backlash from insured individuals who argue that increasing the deductible will make healthcare less accessible, particularly affecting those with modest incomes. They caution that while this move might save costs in the short term, it could lead to higher expenses in the long run, as treating diseases at more advanced stages is typically more costly than early intervention.

The discussion on this matter is set to continue into the fall. Should the proposal be approved, it will not be implemented immediately but will be subject to a referendum, allowing the public to have a final say.

The Netherlands could consider an "Emergency Law" to curb immigration

Prinsjesdag 2024 brought significant developments as the Dutch government unveiled its 2025 budget on September 17. Among the notable changes was an adjustment to the tax benefits for highly skilled migrant workers. Previously enjoying 30% tax relief, which some deputies linked to exacerbating the housing crisis, the relief will now be modified to 27%. Additionally, the introduction of a new income tax bracket for low incomes aims to mitigate the tax burden with rates below the standard 37%.

Amidst an ongoing housing crisis, the government has allocated a budget of 5 billion euros, with an extra 2.5 billion euros earmarked for developing "new neighborhoods" and the construction of 100,000 new homes annually. However, the most contentious issue arose when Marjolein Faber, Minister of Asylum and Migration from the far-right Party for Freedom (PVV), announced an "emergency law" intended to sharply reduce immigration. Scheduled measures include stricter family reunification rules, enhanced border controls, and a temporary suspension of asylum applications, citing the link between immigration and housing shortages.

This proposal has ignited fierce debates, with critics arguing that the "emergency law" is both unconstitutional and in violation of European principles, reflecting deep divisions over immigration policy and its impact on Dutch society.

Enforcement of regulations to protect freelancers

Starting January 1, 2025, the Dutch tax authorities will intensify their enforcement of the Deregulation of Labor Relations Act (DBA Act) to ensure freelancers are genuinely independent and not subject to exploitation. This move comes as part of efforts to address the dramatic 85% increase in the freelancer population over the past decade, now totaling about 1.7 million. Despite being in effect since 2016, the DBA Act's provisions have largely been dormant, only applied in cases of clear violations until now.

The upcoming enhanced controls aim to create fairer working conditions by verifying the true independence of freelancers. Authorities will scrutinize whether freelancers genuinely operate independently or are de facto employees of firms that should have employed them directly. Key indicators of independence include owning one's equipment, possessing specialized expertise, managing one's business risks, maintaining a diverse client base, and avoiding prolonged engagements with any single client.

Initial inspections will target companies rather than individual freelancers. Before 2025, companies found in violation will receive warnings. Post-2025, they face tax adjustments and potentially retroactive penalties. The government estimates that approximately 13% of freelancers are misclassified as independents, indicating a significant scope for rectifying unfair labor practices.

Netherlands' proposal to curb non-European immigration

The Netherlands is advancing a proposal aimed at reducing the number of non-European workers, impacting not only those coming directly from outside Europe but also those moving within the EU. Under current European legislation, non-European individuals with a work permit from one EU country are permitted to work in other EU member states. The Dutch proposal seeks to restrict this mobility, potentially conflicting with EU regulations.

Proponents of the proposal, including far-right parties, argue that the current EU rules are overly lenient, allowing expatriates to work in EU countries other than where their permit was issued, sometimes exploiting this flexibility. This ongoing debate underscores the tension between national immigration control and the principles of free movement within the EU.

Australia: Updated regulations for Subclass 400 Work Visas

The Ministry of the Interior has introduced new regulations for subclass 400 work visas, aimed at more rigorous scrutiny of long-term stay applications. Administrative officers will now closely monitor individuals seeking to remain in the country for more than three months within a 12-month period. While the option to request a six-month stay has not been completely eliminated, it will now be considered an exceptional case.

Under the new rules, travelers from countries deemed "less wealthy" compared to Australia will be ineligible for a six-month work visa. This restriction also applies to employers who offer multiple work contracts and to low-skilled foreign workers classified below levels 4 and 5 of the Australian and New Zealand Standard Classification of Occupations (ANZSCO). Consequently, expatriates holding a subclass 400 work visa are permitted to stay only for a maximum of three months over a 12-month period.

These changes are part of the government's broader strategy to tighten visa policies and address the misuse of the subclass 400 visa by some employers, who should have opted for the subclass 482 visa instead. The subclass 482 visa, intended for sectors experiencing labor shortages, varies in cost from 1,000 to over 3,000 Australian dollars, contrasting sharply with the 415 Australian dollar fee for the short-term subclass 400 work visa.

New lottery system for Working Holiday Visa applicants from Vietnam, India, and China

Australia has implemented a new lottery system for Vietnamese, Indian, and Chinese nationals applying for the Working Holiday Visa (WHV) for the 2024-2025 application period. This change aims to manage the surging demand from these countries more effectively. The annual quotas are set at 5,000 slots for Chinese applicants and 1,000 for Indian applicants, with India becoming the 50th country to participate in the WHV program.

Starting on October 1, 2024, the lottery system will operate separately for each nationality, selecting candidates randomly from all valid applications. Those selected in the lottery will be eligible to proceed with their visa applications; however, entry into the lottery does not guarantee a visa.

The eligibility criteria for participants remain consistent with those for other nationalities applying for the WHV: applicants must be between 18 and 30 years old at the time of application, reside outside Australia, and must not have previously held an Australian WHV. The registration fee for the lottery is 25 Australian dollars (approximately 16 US dollars), and successful candidates will need to pay an application fee of 635 Australian dollars (approximately 433 US dollars) to apply for the WHV.

Victoria seeks to boost international student intake amid tightening of immigration rules nationwide

During her recent tour of India, Premier Jacinta Allan of Victoria announced a new initiative aimed at attracting international students. On September 18, she revealed that at least 25% of regional skilled work visas (subclass 491) will be reserved for foreign graduates from local Victorian universities. This policy, designed to address labor shortages in critical sectors such as engineering, medicine, and industry, is expected to yield at least 500 student visas annually. Additionally, specific work visas have been earmarked for Indian students

This move raises questions about potential discrepancies between state and federal immigration policies. While the Australian government has been tightening immigration controls, particularly concerning the influx of international students, Premier Allan emphasized the vital role these students play in enriching Victoria's dynamic, multicultural community. She affirmed the state's commitment to ensuring that foreign graduates have ample opportunities to live and work in Victoria post-graduation, particularly in fields where their expertise is most needed.

In 2023, Victoria welcomed over 234,000 international students from more than 170 countries, with Indians representing the largest expatriate student group (48,633 students as of May 2024), followed closely by Chinese (46,119 students) and Vietnamese (13,632 students) communities.

New Zealand implements stricter visa application requirements and fee increases

New Zealand has issued a reminder to potential expatriates about the importance of submitting complete visa application files, warning that incomplete submissions will face stricter penalties, including significant fee increases. Starting from October 1, the immigration services will implement a policy of systematic rejection for incomplete applications, with repeat submissions incurring even higher fees.

The new fee structure includes substantial hikes, averaging 50% across various visa categories:

• The student visa fee will double from 375 to 750 New Zealand dollars (NZD).
• The post-study work visa will more than double from 700 to 1,670 NZD.
• The resident visa based on employment will increase from 4,290 to 6,450 NZD.
• The working holiday permit (WHV) will rise from 420 to 670 NZD.
• The visitor visa will increase from 211 to 341 NZD.

Additionally, the international visitor conservation and tourism tax (IVL), which applies to most visa or NZeTA (New Zealand Electronic Travel Authority) applications, will see an increase from 35 NZD to 100 NZD, although exemptions may still be available for eligible applicants. The IVL is non-refundable and is required for applications including WHVs, student visas (excluding dependents), NZeTAs, and visitor visas (excluding dependents).

These fee increases and stricter application requirements have raised concerns among professionals about the potential loss of attractiveness for New Zealand as a destination, especially since these changes could increase the overall cost of staying in the country by approximately 500 NZD for a visitor visa, surpassing the fees for similar visas in Canada or Australia.

New resource for international students: Visa application assistance video

Recognizing the peak period for student visa applications from October to March, New Zealand's immigration services have collaborated with Education New Zealand Manapou ki te Ao to create an educational video. This resource aims to assist international students in accurately completing their visa applications. The video is currently available in English, Thai, and Chinese, with upcoming versions in Japanese and Korean.

To ensure timely processing, students are advised to submit their applications at least three months before their intended travel date. The video can be accessed free of charge on the government's official website, Brand Lab (a government-associated site), and YouTube.

Canada cuts student visas by 10% starting in 2025

The Canadian government has announced a 10% reduction in the issuance of study permits in 2025. This cut follows a 35% decrease in permits issued in 2024. Prime Minister Trudeau stated the decision on September 18, marking a significant impact on prospective international students. There are currently no plans for further reductions in 2026. Canadian universities have expressed their concerns openly. Trudeau aims to curb the misuse by some universities benefiting financially from international students.

The new policy also affects temporary workers. Employment Minister Randy Boissonnault has announced that hiring temporary workers will be barred in areas with unemployment rates of 6% or higher. Trudeau has emphasized reducing the influx of low-wage temporary foreign workers and shortening their visa durations. Immigration Minister Marc Miller added, "Not everyone who wishes to come to Canada will be able to, and not everyone who wishes to stay will be able to."

Restrictions concerning researchers and graduates

On September 18, Marc Miller confirmed the new direction announced by Trudeau. By 2026, the Canadian government aims to reduce the proportion of temporary residents from 6.5% to 5% of the total population. This measure is intended to enhance the way immigration is managed. While acknowledging that some expatriates will be "pushed" to leave and some applicants barred from entry, Miller asserts that the goal is to "help newcomers succeed." Consequently, the number of study permits will decrease by 10%, resulting in a cap of 437,000 in 2025 and 2026, down from 485,000 this year.

For the first time, master's and doctoral students will be included in the overall cap, with 12% of spots specifically reserved for them, recognizing their contributions to the Canadian labor market. However, this change has not been welcomed by researchers and graduates concerned about the potential drawbacks. As of November 1, only graduates from public university programs aligned with high-demand sectors will be eligible for a 3-year post-graduation work permit (PGWP). Universities have criticized this policy for only addressing national labor market needs while neglecting regional demands, warning of the potential for a significant exodus of foreign talent.

Virtual job fair for bilingual candidates

The Ministry of Immigration (IRCC) and Destination Canada are hosting a virtual job fair focused on tourism, hospitality, and culinary positions across all Canadian provinces except Quebec. The event is scheduled for November 13 to 15, with registration open from September 23 until October 27. Eligibility requires candidates to be Francophone or bilingual, have relevant experience in the targeted sectors, and seek employment outside Quebec.

The fair will feature a wide array of job opportunities, allowing candidates to apply directly online and interact with potential employers. Additionally, a series of conferences will detail various aspects of the tourism, hospitality, and culinary industries in Canada, along with information on immigration processes. These presentations will be conducted in French, while question-and-answer sessions will be bilingual. Prior to the event, registered candidates will receive a list of exhibitors and available job positions. Attendance at the virtual fair is free of charge.

Recruitment freeze for temporary foreign workers

Rising concerns among temporary workers are apparent as new recruitment restrictions take effect. As of September 26, Canadian employers are limited to having only 10% of their workforce comprised of temporary foreign workers. This recruitment freeze is part of an ongoing effort to reduce the reliance on temporary foreign labor, marking the second reduction in quotas for low-skilled workers within a year. The government aims to curb the misuse of the Temporary Foreign Worker Program, which it claims has been exploited by some companies to hire foreign temporary workers over local Canadians or permanent residents.

However, employers, particularly small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), are skeptical of these changes. The Canadian Federation of Independent Business (CFIB) argues that these restrictions could severely impact SMEs, which currently represent 63.3% of jobs in the country, as they struggle with recruitment challenges. The CFIB warns that this could worsen labor shortages, especially in rural areas and critical sectors like agriculture and personal care. They emphasize that foreign workers play a crucial role in alleviating labor market pressures.
Additionally, the new rules will affect the spouses of foreign workers, limiting work permit eligibility to those in liberal professions, management, or sectors facing labor shortages.

No exemption for foreign childcare workers in Montreal daycares

Québec Solidaire (QS) faced a setback when its proposal to exempt foreign childcare workers from the temporary foreign worker recruitment moratorium was rejected by the government on September 18. Despite an existing exception for low-wage positions in education, QS argued for the inclusion of early childhood workers, emphasizing that education begins as soon as children enter childcare settings.

Consequently, daycare services in Montreal can no longer employ foreign temporary workers. Previously, approximately 200 temporary workers were employed as educators and assistant educators in the city. However, the federal freeze affects all cities with an unemployment rate of 6% or higher, and Montreal's rate stands at 6.9%. The Quebec Minister of Family has granted a six-month period to assess the situation, after which early childhood may be considered for exemption. Québec Solidaire contends that this delay is too long, as temporary workers unable to renew their permits will have already left. The party highlights the ongoing labor shortage in Quebec's early childhood sector, which has necessitated international recruitment.

End of the Rural and Northern Immigration Pilot (RNIP)

The Rural and Northern Immigration Pilot (RNIP) concluded on August 31, with communities having until July 31 to recommend candidates to the Ministry of Immigration (IRCC). Candidates had the final deadline of August 31 to submit their applications for permanent residency.

Initiated in August 2022, the RNIP was designed to alleviate the immigration pressure on major urban centers like Toronto, Vancouver, and Montreal by redirecting newcomers to more remote areas. Each participating region was allowed to nominate up to 125 candidates annually, totaling 2,750 candidates across the program. Although the IRCC has not renewed the RNIP, in March, Minister of Immigration Marc Miller expressed his intention to make the program permanent, a sentiment welcomed by the involved rural communities. As they await further developments, two new pilot programs are set to launch this fall aimed at invigorating rural areas: the Pilot Program for Immigration in Francophone Communities and the Pilot Program for Immigration in Rural Communities.

Launch of invitations for Provincial Immigration Programs

Ontario and British Columbia have initiated their invitation rounds for candidates interested in the Provincial Nominee Program (PNP), which is operated in collaboration with IRCC. This program allows provinces to nominate individuals who are deemed likely to integrate into the Canadian economy successfully. It's important to note that being selected as a nominee does not guarantee permanent residency.

Ontario opened its latest round on September 17, targeting master's and doctoral graduates with 1,249 invitations. Eligible candidates needed to score between 505 and 528. On the same day, British Columbia also issued invitations totaling more than 163. Their draw set distinct score requirements for different candidate categories: qualified workers and international graduates needed a minimum of 128 points, healthcare professionals required at least 99 points, construction workers 89 points, and early childhood professionals 83 points.

Quebec, which operates independently of the PNP due to an agreement with the federal government, launched its Regular Program for Skilled Workers on September 5, sending out 1,417 invitations. Unlike other provinces, Quebec autonomously selects its immigration candidates and sets its own annual newcomer targets.

Increasing asylum claims among international students

Marc Miller, the Minister of Immigration, has highlighted a concerning trend: a growing number of international students are applying for asylum to remain in Canada. Describing the situation as "alarming," Miller urges universities to enhance their scrutiny during the candidate selection process. He suggests that these students are utilizing study permits as a gateway for entry, with the intention of applying for asylum to reduce their tuition fees subsequently.

In response, the government has introduced new regulations, including doubling the minimum income threshold, aimed at filtering applications more effectively. Miller points out that such discrepancies are particularly prevalent among first-year student registrations. According to Statistics Canada, foreign undergraduate students typically pay around 40,000 Canadian dollars in tuition fees, compared to just 7,300 to 7,600 Canadian dollars for Canadian students. Amidst these concerns, the government has already planned further restrictions, including a 10% reduction in study permits for the coming year. While expressing confidence in the current measures to secure the country's borders, the minister calls for increased vigilance from all involved parties.

The United States reaches cap for EB-2 vsas

In a recent update from US Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS), it was announced that the cap for EB-2 visas for fiscal year 2024 has been reached. The EB-2 visa category is designated for highly skilled workers who contribute significantly to the American economy. For the fiscal year, the visa cap included various categories, with 226,000 allocated for family-sponsored immigrants and 160,791 for those with an "employment-based preference."

This fulfillment means that US embassies and consulates are now unable to issue any more EB-2 visas until October 1, 2024, which marks the beginning of the next fiscal year. USCIS reminds us that while the cap for the primary EB-2 visa applicants has been reached, the spouses and children under 21 of these immigrants can still apply for their dependent visas.

Visitor visa deadline looms for 2026 Football World Cup

The 2026 Football World Cup, to be held across the United States, Canada, and Mexico, has fans rushing to secure their visitor visas. However, obtaining a US visa has become increasingly challenging, particularly due to soaring processing times. The US Travel Association recently announced the conclusion of the visitor visa issuance period for the event, contradicting earlier federal assurances that there was still "time" to apply.

The current processing durations are daunting: nationals from certain countries face waits of up to 600 days, with an average of 260 days. Specifically, Indian nationals experience a 404-day wait, Mexicans endure around 458 days, and Colombians face approximately 670 days—far beyond feasible timelines for attending the World Cup. According to the US Travel Association, fans who have not yet secured their visas are unlikely to make it to the games.

Amidst these delays, FIFA is actively engaging with the governments of the host nations to ensure that visa applicants can obtain their documentation in time to attend the World Cup. The situation remains fluid as negotiations continue.

Singapore reports slight increase in citizenship and residency grants in 2023

Singapore has seen a modest rise in immigration numbers in 2023, with official statistics indicating that 23,472 individuals obtained citizenship, a slight increase from the 23,082 new citizens recorded in 2022. Meanwhile, the number of new permanent residencies granted was 34,491, showing a minor decrease compared to the 37,493 in 2022. This trend reflects a gradual increase in new citizens and residents since the 2010s, though there was a significant drop in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Singapore, with a long history as a hub of immigration, has over 2.5 million of its roughly 5.8 million inhabitants of immigrant origin. However, since 2008, the country has progressively tightened its immigration policies amid growing local concerns. Today, facing challenges such as an aging population and a declining birth rate, Singapore is implementing measures like extended parental leave and offering financial incentives for newborns, aiming to both encourage higher birth rates among citizens and attract highly skilled migrant workers to sustain its economic vitality.

South Korea tests the 4-day work week: Implications for foreign workers

South Korea is currently testing a 4-day work week in Gyeonggi Province, the most populous region surrounding Seoul. This initiative is part of the government's broader efforts to improve work-life balance amidst high levels of work-related stress and burnout. The test follows a scrapped proposal to extend weekly legal working hours to 69, which was met with significant opposition from the public.

Over 50 companies are participating in this trial, which offers employees two options: a condensed work week every two weeks or reduced daily hours. While improving worker well-being is a consideration, the government's primary motivation is somewhat unconventional—it aims to enhance personal relationships and increase the birth rate, which has reached historic lows in the country. This trial is particularly significant for foreign workers, who may find these new measures as a potential improvement to their work conditions and quality of life in South Korea.

Thailand: Increasing tax concerns for expatriates

Since the tax reform implemented on January 1, 2024, there has been growing unease among expatriates in Thailand due to a proposed new tax law. This law, still under consideration, could mandate the taxation of global incomes for foreigners residing in Thailand for 180 days or more, regardless of whether this income is brought into the country. Furthermore, the proposed taxation could be retroactive, aligning with the January reform, with expatriates required to file their tax returns by March 2025.

Many expatriates fear double taxation, especially retirees who typically receive their pensions from abroad. While tax treaties may provide some relief, their application often depends on local interpretations, which can vary. The Thai government defends the reform as a move towards social justice, aiming to eliminate perceived advantages for foreigners over local citizens. However, some foreigners argue that they significantly contribute to the local economy, cautioning that overly stringent tax regulations could deter foreign investment and diminish Thailand's appeal to international residents. The challenge for Thailand's government is to strike a balance between attracting foreign talent and ensuring fair treatment for its citizens.

Malaysia increases visa fees for foreign workers by 150%

Effective September 1, Malaysia has implemented a substantial increase in work permit fees for expatriates, marking a 150% rise. The cost for work permits now stands at 2,000 ringgits (approximately 482 US dollars), a significant jump from the previous fee of 800 ringgits (193 US dollars). This hike extends to visas for dependents as well, impacting the affordability and accessibility of work opportunities for foreign professionals in the country.

The revision in fees applies across all three categories of work permits:

• Category 1, for those on a 5-year contract earning at least 10,000 ringgits per month;
• Category 2, for contracts up to 2 years with salaries ranging from 5,000 to 9,999 ringgits per month;
• Category 3 covers 12-month contracts that can be renewed twice for salaries between 3,000 and 4,999 ringgits per month.

Notably, only categories 1 and 2 are eligible for sponsoring dependents.

Additionally, the fee for Professional Visit Permits (PVP), which allows for short-term work engagements like training or fixed-term projects while the employee remains with their overseas employer, has also risen to 1,200 ringgits (289 US dollars) from the previous 800 ringgits. This series of fee increases reflects a significant policy shift that could affect the inflow of skilled foreign workers to Malaysia.

Türkiye launches "Tech Visa" to attract global talent

Türkiye's Ministry of Industry and Technology unveiled its new "Tech Visa" program on September 16, as announced by Minister Mehmet Fatih Kacır. Aimed at drawing foreign talent, the initiative offers a 3-year work permit along with prospects for long-term residency. The ministry is keen on streamlining the application process and promises expedited processing times to attract skilled professionals and entrepreneurs.

Particularly targeting foreign entrepreneurs, the program includes six months of legal, technical, and financial guidance to support the establishment of new businesses within Türkiye. This initiative is part of Türkiye's broader ambition to transform into a major tech hub by 2030, with hopes to foster around 100,000 startups, predominantly in technology sectors.

Minister Kacır chose Istanbul Airport as the venue for his announcement, symbolizing its role as the future center of what is envisioned to be the "largest technopark in the world." This strategic location is expected to serve as a magnet for highly qualified migrants and entrepreneurs. The government also encourages local workforce participation to build an innovative ecosystem, although the feasibility of realizing these lofty ambitions remains to be observed.

The UAE overwhelmed by requests for amnesty from expatriate workers

From September 1 to November 1, foreigners staying illegally in the United Arab Emirates (expired residence or visit visas) can apply to regularize their residence permits or leave the country without incurring a fine. The Ministry of Human Resources and Emiratisation (MoHRE) has set up a simplified process with dedicated services for the issuance, renewal, or cancellation of work permits. A complaint management service is also available.

However, the authorities are seeing a large influx of foreigners with tourist visas hoping to find jobs but ending up without work with an expired visa. According to the General Directorate of Residency and Foreigners Affairs in Dubai (GDRFA), these foreigners did not follow the recruitment procedure. They are not familiar with the UAE's rules and think they can apply directly by touring companies. Running out of resources, they seek a solution through the amnesty.

The GDRFA reminds us that, like many other countries, it is illegal to come to the UAE looking for work on a tourist visa. In 2022, the government launched a visa specifically for job seekers. Other expatriates found themselves in a complex situation after losing their jobs in the UAE. The context of the health crisis has kept them in precariousness, unable to find work. They see the government's initiative as a second chance. With their fine erased, they hope to be rehired by their former sponsor, find work elsewhere, or return to their country.

UAE increases visa on arrival validity to 90 days

The UAE has recently increased the validity of visas on arrival from 30 days to 90 days. This extension applies to citizens from Australia, China, Canada, the United States, Singapore, the United Kingdom, Japan, and Brazil. It is important to note that Brazilian citizens were already entitled to a 90-day stay per year under the previous regulations. Currently, there is uncertainty regarding how this extended validity will be implemented—whether it allows multiple entries over 180 days, is valid over an entire year, or is restricted to a single entry. Additional details from the Emirati authorities are still pending.

Kuwait revises foreign engineer accreditation system

The Kuwaiti Public Authority for Manpower (PAM) has terminated the 2018 Memorandum of Understanding with the Kuwaiti Association of Engineers. This agreement previously allowed the association to accredit engineering certificates of foreign professionals, thereby enabling expatriate workers linked to engineering fields to benefit from similar accreditations. PAM has decided to end this arrangement following numerous complaints from companies and employees concerning potential irregularities in the accreditation process. The critics centered on the overly simplified checks and doubts regarding the authenticity of certain foreign diplomas.

The Ministry of Higher Education, which holds the authority to regulate educational diplomas, will oversee the accreditation process. This change is part of Kuwait's broader initiative to eliminate fraudulent educational credentials. In collaboration with the Public Service Commission, the ministry has been scrutinizing the diplomas of all government employees obtained since 2000. Employees found with counterfeit diplomas may face severe repercussions, including the possibility of having to repay wages received under false pretenses.

Kuwait's reliance on foreign domestic workers continues

As of the first quarter of 2024, Kuwait's domestic sector employs 789,000 expatriates, comprising 423,000 women and 366,000 men. This workforce accounts for 26.9% of the expatriate workers in the country, marking an increase of 1.1% from the previous year. Despite Kuwait's ongoing policy of the Kuwaitization of jobs, the nation continues to depend heavily on foreign domestic workers. Most of these workers originate from India, representing 44.7% of the domestic workforce, followed by the Philippines at 22.5%. Bangladesh and Sri Lanka are also significant contributors, with these four nationalities accounting for 93.3% of all expatriate domestic workers in Kuwait. Overall, Indians are the largest group of expatriate workers across all sectors in Kuwait, making up 30.3% of the workforce, ahead of Egyptians and Bangladeshis.

Kuwait temporarily waives biometric data requirement for certain groups

The Kuwaiti Ministry of the Interior has issued a temporary exemption from the requirement to provide fingerprint data. Announced on September 24, this exemption specifically benefits scholarship students and their companions, patients receiving treatment abroad and their companions, diplomats, and agents of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs along with their companions. This waiver will remain in effect until their return to Kuwait.

To qualify for this exemption, students and patients must present valid documentation—such as a school or medical certificate—to the Kuwaiti embassy. This measure is intended to ease travel for these categories of citizens currently residing abroad, while still maintaining the country's security and procedural standards.

Oman restricts certain jobs and investment sectors for foreign workers and investors

Effective September 1, the Omani Ministry of Labor has enacted legislation restricting foreign professionals from engaging in various job roles across multiple sectors. The extensive list of professions now reserved exclusively for Omanis includes roles such as tourism agent, travel agent, lifeguard, quality manager, marketing specialist, commercial broker, ship mooring and stabilization worker, vehicle salesman, and marine supervisor. Additionally, from January 1, 2025, to January 1, 2027, further professions will be exclusively Omani, including website creator, computer programmer, operations analyst, electronic computer engineer, and computer operator.

Concurrently, Oman's rules on foreign investment have undergone significant revisions. The government has expanded the list of activities where foreign investments are barred. This expansion includes 28 new categories, encompassing several sectors such as artisanal product manufacturing, skincare, event supplies and furniture rental, freshwater fish farming, plantations, and the sale of used vehicles. These changes are part of the Ministry of Commerce, Industry, and Investment Promotion's strategy to attract "quality" foreign investors while bolstering Omani investment in key industries.

Bahrain implements system to ensure expats settle debts before departure

Bahrain has introduced a stringent measure requiring expatriates to settle their debts before leaving the country. The proposal, which was initiated 14 months ago, has recently been sanctioned by the Ministerial Committee of the Cabinet for Financial, Economic Affairs, and Fiscal Balance, bringing relief to Sheikh Mohammed bin Ahmed Al Khalifa, the undersecretary at the Ministry of Agriculture and Municipalities responsible for Municipal Affairs.

Under the new regulation, the municipal billing system and public services will be interconnected with all pertinent ministries and government agencies. This linkage aims to enhance the monitoring of expatriates planning to leave the country, apply for permit renewals, or engage in other administrative proceedings. Although the government asserts that this policy does not restrict expatriate freedoms, it emphasizes the necessity for all outstanding bills or fines to be cleared.

In 2022, the total debts accrued by foreigners, which included unpaid rents and municipal taxes, amounted to 4.1 million Bahraini dinars (over 10 million US dollars). The new rule primarily targets expatriates who intend to leave Bahrain permanently and those whose employment contracts have been terminated.

South Africa poised to introduce digital nomad and points-based visas

South Africa is on the brink of launching two new visa categories, the digital nomad visa and the points-based visa, initiatives introduced by President Cyril Ramaphosa in 2022. Minister of the Interior Leon Schreiber announced that preparations are complete for these visas to be officially rolled out. He enthusiastically invites digital nomads to experience working in South Africa's "sunny landscapes," where they can work for foreign companies while temporarily residing there.

While the most optimistic forecasts suggest that both visas could be implemented by the end of October, there are concerns about delays, particularly for the digital nomad visa, due to unresolved tax legislation issues. Currently, digital nomads are required to register with the tax agency if they spend more than six months in the country, and discussions are ongoing.

Minister Schreiber also lauded the points-based visa, claiming it will attract foreign talent and potentially "revolutionize the South African economy." However, this view is not universally held. Some professionals express skepticism, pointing to the country's high unemployment rate, especially among youth at 33.5%, and prevailing social inequalities. They argue that the introduction of these visas should not disadvantage local talent and advocate instead for substantial investments in education. As of now, no specific launch date has been confirmed for the implementation of these visas.

Over 6,000 foreigners employed in South African public service

A parliamentary inquiry into the employment of foreigners in South Africa's public service has revealed that as of July 31, 2024, 6,220 foreign nationals worked in national and provincial departments and other government bodies. According to Mzamo Buthelezi, the Minister of Public Service and Administration, this figure represents just 0.5% of the total civil servant workforce, which numbers around 1.2 million.

These foreign employees include both temporary workers and permanent residents. The distribution of foreign civil servants varies across regions, with Gauteng province employing the highest number at 1,705, primarily in the sectors of education and health. Other provinces with significant numbers of foreign civil servants include Mpumalanga (653), KwaZulu-Natal (647), and Eastern Cape (579).

In response to concerns about whether the employment of foreigners contravenes the 1994 Public Service Act, Minister Buthelezi clarified that, according to a 1996 Constitutional Court decision, permanent residents are entitled to the same employment rights as South African citizens. He also noted that the policy governing the selection and secondment of foreign nationals is set for revision, though no further details have been provided yet.