Lost my job in Germany due to Coronavirus layoffs--next steps?

You are eligible for unemployment benefits only after working for 12 months or more, so that's not an option for you.
Under certain circumstances, e.g. if a company needs to layoff people due to economic problems, the government pays part of the salary for some time. If that is the case here, your company can tell you about it.
Other than that, there are a number of possibilities to get government aid if you (the whole family!) fall into poverty.

Applying for jobs would be very tough now. Good luck!

I think the eligibility for unemployment after 12 months that Beppi mentioned is only for people who were already German residents or citizens.  Even other EU citizens have to have worked at least 2 years in Germany before getting any public assistance. This was decided by the courts after Romania and Bulgaria were accepted into the EU and many of their citizens just showed up in Germany and applied for assistance. And I believe non-EU citizens have to have unlimited residency or a settlement permit. Most, including Americans would be given an up to 3 year limited residency first and not be eligible in this time. Maybe there are some other laws or special conditions that would take precedent in this case but the fundamental situation doesn’t sound so hopeful. On the other hand, many special conditions are being considered for people out of work due to the virus…Time will tell.

Tom: What you are saying is true for "non-earned" benefits like HartzIV or other kinds of social security assistance.
Unemployment benefits, however, are "earned benefits" and you have to pay in for at least 12 months (while working here legally, which means with residence and work permit) to be eligible for any assistance. Ifyou worked longer than that, you can get 60 - 67% of your previous pay (depending on you having kids or not) for up to half as long as you paid in (subject to a max. of 12 - 24 months, depending on your age) or until you find a new job.

beppi wrote:

Tom: What you are saying is true for "non-earned" benefits like HartzIV or other kinds of social security assistance.
Unemployment benefits, however, are "earned benefits" and you have to pay in for at least 12 months (while working here legally, which means with residence and work permit) to be eligible for any assistance. Ifyou worked longer than that, you can get 60 - 67% of your previous pay (depending on you having kids or not) for up to half as long as you paid in (subject to a max. of 12 - 24 months, depending on your age) or until you find a new job.

OK, good to know. Wouldn't seem to help the OP in this case...