Hydrogen Economy

@alan279

Does anyone know of any hydrogen projects in Brazil?

@alan279
Does anyone know of any hydrogen projects in Brazil? - @alan279

Google is well aware.

@alan279 - from a google search, I found the following:

https://fuelcellsworks.com/2024/10/10/g … e-in-ceara

I am sure that you will be able to find more info if you dig deeper.  However, it seems that there appears to be a common thread - any hydrogen industry development will need to rely on government incentives.

The Ceara project is only a plan. I still haven't found any working hydrogen projects in Brazil.

My assertion is that a hydrogen economy for transport cannot compete with a pure electrical play, due to the thermodynamic laws of physics.

Electric only production, storage and distribution of energy is three times more efficient than hydrogen.

So why subsidize hydrogen?

So why subsidize hydrogen? - @alan279

Hydrogen has multiple applications beyond just electrical energy conversion.  Remember it took a while and a lot of subsidies to have gas powered vehicles.  Gas / petrol comes from petroleum crude oil.  Production and distribution did take time to develop and deploy.

Arguably hydrogen based energy generation would be more ecologically friendly than big oil - hence the reason why governments should provide subsidies.

Unfortunately big oil and EV manufacturers carry bigger sticks than environmentalists.

Hydrogen buses and trains have been tried many times and failed. But Santa Cruz and San Mateo in California are buying hydrogen buses now. And some cities in Canadá. A hydrogen train is now running in Riverside County, California.

Where do you get the hydrogen? Green hydrogen is produced by separating hydrogen from oxygen in water. Usually by electrolyzers powered by solar panels. The hydrogen has to be compressed to store it. Then the hydrogen has to be transported to point of use. Then dispensed into buses and trains.

Lots of moving parts are involved, compressors, high pressure tanks, trucks, and hydrogen stations with a high failure rate (in California).

And two thirds of the energy is lost along the way by using hydrogen, rather than moving the energy via electricity from solar panels to wheels.

So, why subsidize this technology that has failed so many times in Europe?

It's just physics. Hydrogen is 3X less efficient than electricity.

Yet the US is spending $8 billion on hydrogen hubs. Why?

And what is Brazil's hydrogen strategy?

Yet the US is spending $8 billion on hydrogen hubs. Why?
- @alan279

If you are referring to something like that  https://www.energy.gov/oced/regional-cl … en-hubs-0, this expenditure was in the infrastructure bill.  This is for pure research, I believe.

@Pablo888

The Hydrogen Hub money is for demonstration projects, not pure research. The science is known. Hydrogen is not economically feasible for transport.

@Alan279: I have also read somewhere that it takes a lot more energy to produce the Hydrogen than what you get stored in the fuel cell so, strictly from an energy budget point of view, it doesn't make sense.

I've heard some arguments though, that made me change my mind and think it is not such a waste of time/money.

If you use the electricity directly, it doesn't go from the solar panels (or the transmission lines) directly to wheels. There are also many steps involved and you need batteries. Mining Lithium, purifying it and producing the batteries is not environmentally friendly and also spend a lot of energy.

So, in the end, it is probably a good idea to have many, or at least more than one, way of powering transportation systems in general.

Green energy (from solar, wind,water) is delivered to battery vehicle wheels on the road via high voltage power lines, vehicle battery and vehicle electric motor with roughly 60% efficiency (source to wheel).

Green energy can be used to produce hydrogen, which is compressed, stored and delivered to fuel cell vehicles at roughly 20% efficiency (source to wheel).

Battery electric vehicles are roughly three times as efficient as fuel cell vehicles.

This is a fuel efficiency comparison, not a full life cycle cost comparison. Batteries, electrolyzers and fuel cells are costly to manufacture and use various minerals. I'll see if someone has worked up the total costs from mine to finished vehicle.

I think that hydrogen can be a great and efficient energy source.  The sun runs on hydrogen.

But we have not yet developed a practical fusion engine.  Or the matter / anti-matter reactor (for trekkies).

I guess that a technical analogy is that Nikola Tesla invented a more efficient  version of the car but this was not accepted - or more likely sabotaged - by the public (or special interests).

In other words, are you making the case that hydrogen is NOT ready for prime time?  You may be right. 

However, we still need dreamers out there that are pushing the boundaries of the known world.....And I would hate to lose them....

@Pablo888

Hydrogen gas is not economically feasible for transport.

A fusion power plant looks to be far off, though many people are working on it. That may remain a dream.

We already have the energy solutions we need: solar, wind, hydro, batteries and pumped hydro.

@alan279
Does anyone know of any hydrogen projects in Brazil? - @alan279

Plenty as it is.  Just follow the news.

Your  objections notwithstanding.

Same naysayers were the types who claimed there was no oil in Brazil, or automotive manufacturing would never work because foundries do not work on Tropical Climates " .

AS usual, Americans as the prime suspects to divulge all of this nonsense.

VW just joined Toyota into the fray.  Real gains would be for freight trucks, rather. The implementation cost would demand far less sunk capital.

I've learned that the hydrogen economy is not feasible, despite the current hype. The US is spending eight billion dollars on "hydrogen hubs". The Europeans spend huge money on hydrogen projects. It's all for naught. Hydrogen doesn't work. It's simple physics.
This is a follow-up to a previous discussion. I think Brazil has avoided the hydrogen trap so far. - @alan279

Over USD  US$ 30 billions committed to projects under study.

Not built just yet.

Source

Instituto Nacional de Energia Limpa (Inel).

Slated projects...

Fortescue (Ceará)

Complexo do Pecém

Australian Mining Company

Fully operating by 2027

USD 3,5 billions

Atlas Agro (Minas Gerais)  Uberaba Green Fertilizer (UGF)

Uberaba Green Fertilizer (UGF)

For domestic consumption

530,000 tons /year

Swiss Company

Green Energy Park (Piauí)

ZPE de Parnaíba

10 years and R$ 100 billion

Fully operating by 2028

European Energy (Pernambuco)

Danish Company

Solatio (Piauí)

Green Hydrogen and Amonia

European Energy (Pernambuco)- Mostly for Maritime Transport.

Fully operating by 2028

Fuella (Rio de Janeiro)  - Hydrogen and Amonia

Unigel (Bahia)  Mostly for Fertiizers

Stalled

Qair (Pernambuco)

Fully Operational by 2032

Source

Eixos.com.br

As an American I appreciate your condescension. I think we both recognize as opposed to that sweeping brush you just painted us with that, it is some americans just like it is some of the people in every country. Every country has people below average intelligence.What can you do? 

As an American I appreciate your condescension. I think we both recognize as opposed to that sweeping brush you just painted us with that, it is some americans just like it is some of the people in every country. Every country has people below average intelligence.What can you do? - @HawkeyeSwarm

This is actually old news.  Going back to the 40's 

American industrialists and oil men  were divulging this non sense. 

Which was followed by the all out campaign "O Petroleo E Nosso"  ( The Oil is ours ). And then the groundwork to create a National Oil Company which would later become Petrobras.    Under Getulio Vargas, if not mistaken. 

And the latest iteration of this mentality is the spat between Elon Musk and Brazil's Judiciary and Executive Branches ( read Alexandre Moraes and Lula ). 

Him, represented by his cronies from the Paypal Mafia  ( along with Peter Thiel and others ) were making end runs in impoverished towns all over Latin American were they had mapped all the underground riches, and were dangling the carrot of cash on "taking care of them with Carbon Credits."

They got the nod from Bolsonaro, but when Lula came around, the deal was reneged .   As matter of fact, since Getulio Vargas, anything below ground belongs to the Federal Government with power to exploit or grant concessions.  So they can call Lula whatever they want, but he was right on the record.

The whole spat was never about freedom of press.  It was about mining concessions and land grab.

You can check it out by yourself.  Get a copy of the book from Whitney Webb, an American Investigative Journalist living in Chile.  She lays all out there bare to see. You can get the summarized preview topic on Jimmy Dore Show. 

Jimmy Dore -I'm not doubting what you're saying.I'm just doubting him.

I know what Americans have done in other countries. And quite often, it's a crony, with connections to someone in power. I'm pretty sure the world knows.  I have absolutely no reason to doubt what you're telling me. I'm just saying we're not all that way. You have to have connections to do what they did.

Jimmy Dore -I'm not doubting what you're saying.I'm just doubting him.
I know what Americans have done in other countries. And quite often, it's a crony, with connections to someone in power. I'm pretty sure the world knows. I have absolutely no reason to doubt what you're telling me. I'm just saying we're not all that way. You have to have connections to do what they did. - @HawkeyeSwarm

I lived nearly 30 years in America,. Never making a trip back, even if for old times sake.

I am in fact an US Citizen. 

Jimmy Dore is a bit wacky, off the reservation kook.   But at times, you get dirt by taking cues from both side of the isle.  Hey, I used to buy the Weeklies from the Nation of Islam, those bow tie dudes. If they are pandering the paper under a mid day scorching sun, dapper as they were, you got to give em the five bucks out of respect. And I am caucasian.

But Whitney Webb, she seemed to have a modicum of respectability and self restrain.  Not your garden variety Jacobin radical,  That would be  Abby Martin.  That sexy femme , you have to take with a grain of salt.

Mrs Webb books range on a 1000 page, so for those with the time, a good read. 

Over USD US$ 30 billions committed to projects under study.
Not built just yet.

Source
Instituto Nacional de Energia Limpa (Inel).

Slated projects...

Fortescue (Ceará)
Complexo do Pecém
Australian Mining Company
Fully operating by 2027
USD 3,5 billions

Atlas Agro (Minas Gerais) Uberaba Green Fertilizer (UGF)
Uberaba Green Fertilizer (UGF)
For domestic consumption
530,000 tons /year
Swiss Company

Green Energy Park (Piauí)
ZPE de Parnaíba
10 years and R$ 100 billion
Fully operating by 2028

European Energy (Pernambuco)
Danish Company

Solatio (Piauí)
Green Hydrogen and Amonia
European Energy (Pernambuco)- Mostly for Maritime Transport.
Fully operating by 2028

Fuella (Rio de Janeiro) - Hydrogen and Amonia

Unigel (Bahia) Mostly for Fertiizers
Stalled

Qair (Pernambuco)
Fully Operational by 2032

Source
Eixos.com.br - @sprealestatebroker

Lots of hydrogen projects are planned. Do you know of any operating green hydrogen facilities in Brazil?

@alan279

My main and only reason for responding was the way you painted all Americans with the same brush.  Like Brazilians we are not all the same. As for hydroelectric, I only worry about the things I can actually control. Trying to stop the mega rich capitalists is obviously not something I can control and can only complain about so why mess up my days thinking about it? Besides, i've got enough poop in my own litter box to scoop out. Enjoy your day !

Lots of hydrogen projects are planned. Do you know of any operating green hydrogen facilities in Brazil?
- @alan279

Hydrogen from ethanol fueling station in SP -> https://essentica.eu/news/about-the-ind … ng-station

BTW, the Toyota Mirai is a somewhat popular vehicle here in the Bay Area mainly because hydrogen is dispensed free as part of the purchase of the vehicle.  But the caveat is that there are only a few of those fueling stations in rather affluent neighborhoods.

@alan279 My main and only reason for responding was the way you painted all Americans with the same brush. Like Brazilians we are not all the same. As for hydroelectric, I only worry about the things I can actually control. Trying to stop the mega rich capitalists is obviously not something I can control and can only complain about so why mess up my days thinking about it? Besides, i've got enough poop in my own litter box to scoop out. Enjoy your day ! - @HawkeyeSwarm

  @HawkeyeSwarm - What? I'm American.

Probably beating a dead horse here.

Here is what Chatgpt says about the future of the hydrogen economy in Brazil....

The future of the hydrogen economy in Brazil looks promising due to the country’s vast renewable energy resources, favorable policy landscape, and growing global interest in green hydrogen. Here are the key factors shaping this future:

### 1. **Renewable Energy Potential**

Brazil has abundant renewable energy resources, including hydropower, wind, and solar energy. These resources provide a low-carbon basis for producing green hydrogen via electrolysis, positioning Brazil as a leader in sustainable hydrogen production.

### 2. **Government Initiatives**

The Brazilian government has shown increasing interest in hydrogen:

   - **National Hydrogen Strategy**: Launched in 2021, the strategy focuses on promoting hydrogen production, research, and international partnerships.

   - **Regulatory Frameworks**: Efforts to create clear regulations and incentives for hydrogen investments are ongoing.

   - **Regional Initiatives**: States like Ceará and Rio Grande do Norte are positioning themselves as hydrogen hubs due to proximity to renewable energy projects and export infrastructure.

### 3. **Export Opportunities**

Brazil aims to be a global green hydrogen exporter, particularly to Europe and Asia, where demand for clean hydrogen is growing. Ports like Pecém (Ceará) and Suape (Pernambuco) are being developed as export hubs with industrial-scale hydrogen production capabilities.

### 4. **Industrial Decarbonization**

Hydrogen can help decarbonize Brazil’s key industries, such as steel, chemicals, and transportation. For example:

   - The steel industry can transition from coal to hydrogen-based production.

   - Ammonia and fertilizer production can shift to green hydrogen inputs.

### 5. **Foreign Investments and Partnerships**

Brazil has attracted international investments in hydrogen projects:

   - Companies like Shell, TotalEnergies, and Fortescue Future Industries are investing in green hydrogen initiatives.

   - Partnerships with Germany and other countries focus on technology transfer and building hydrogen supply chains.

### 6. **Challenges**

Despite the potential, challenges remain:

   - **Infrastructure Development**: Scaling hydrogen production and distribution infrastructure requires significant investment.

   - **Cost Competitiveness**: Green hydrogen production needs to achieve cost parity with fossil-based hydrogen.

   - **Workforce and Technology**: Developing the necessary expertise and securing advanced technologies will be critical.

### Outlook

With its renewable energy capacity and strategic geographic location, Brazil is poised to become a major player in the global hydrogen economy by 2030. The success of this transition will depend on sustained policy support, infrastructure development, and international collaboration.

Would be an incomplete answer to provide the expected real challenges of the hydrogen economy in Brazil from chatgpt.

Achieving Brazil's hydrogen economy goals faces significant challenges that need to be addressed for the country's ambitions to materialize effectively. These challenges include:

---

### **1. High Initial Investment Costs**

   - **Electrolyzer Technology**: Scaling up green hydrogen production requires widespread deployment of electrolyzers, which are still expensive.

   - **Infrastructure**: Building hydrogen pipelines, storage facilities, and export terminals demands substantial upfront capital.

   - **Renewable Integration**: Developing renewable energy projects dedicated to hydrogen production (beyond existing energy demands) requires additional investment.

---

### **2. Lack of Comprehensive Regulatory Framework**

   - **Unclear Standards**: Brazil lacks clear and uniform standards for hydrogen production, distribution, storage, and certification (e.g., defining "green hydrogen").

   - **Policy Gaps**: Insufficient incentives (e.g., tax breaks, subsidies, or carbon pricing mechanisms) to make green hydrogen economically competitive.

   - **Permitting Delays**: Bureaucratic inefficiencies in approving new hydrogen projects could delay progress.

---

### **3. High Production Costs**

   - **Electricity Prices**: Green hydrogen production depends on low-cost renewable electricity. While Brazil has abundant resources, some areas still face higher electricity costs or grid challenges.

   - **Technology Costs**: Electrolyzers, fuel cells, and related technologies remain costly, and local manufacturing capacity is limited.

---

### **4. Infrastructure Gaps**

   - **Transport and Storage**: Hydrogen is difficult to transport and store due to its low energy density. Brazil lacks the infrastructure for pipelines, pressurized tanks, or liquefied hydrogen logistics.

   - **Export Terminals**: Ports must be upgraded with facilities specifically for hydrogen or ammonia export.

   - **Renewable Energy Transmission**: Ensuring reliable transmission from renewable-rich regions to hydrogen production sites requires investment in grid infrastructure.

---

### **5. Skill and Workforce Shortages**

   - **Specialized Workforce**: Brazil needs engineers, technicians, and scientists skilled in hydrogen technologies, which are currently in short supply.

   - **Education and Training**: Universities and technical schools must expand programs focused on renewable energy and hydrogen production.

---

### **6. Competition in the Global Market**

   - **Rising Export Competitors**: Countries like Australia, Chile, and Saudi Arabia are also vying to be leaders in green hydrogen, often with more advanced infrastructure and policies.

   - **Cost Parity with Fossil Fuels**: Without robust carbon pricing globally, green hydrogen struggles to compete with fossil-based hydrogen (e.g., gray and blue hydrogen).

---

### **7. Environmental and Social Concerns**

   - **Water Usage**: Electrolysis requires significant water resources, which could compete with local water needs in drought-prone regions.

   - **Land Use**: Expanding renewable energy projects might face opposition due to land conflicts, environmental impacts, or encroachment on indigenous territories.

---

### **8. Dependence on International Demand**

   - **Export-Driven Model**: Much of Brazil’s hydrogen economy relies on demand from foreign markets. Uncertainties in global hydrogen adoption rates or policy shifts in importing countries (e.g., Europe) could affect Brazil's plans.

   - **Supply Chain Security**: Dependence on foreign technologies and materials for electrolyzers and storage systems could hinder growth.

---

### **Strategic Priorities to Overcome Challenges**

1. **Policy and Regulation**:

   - Develop a robust hydrogen roadmap with clear targets and incentives.

   - Establish international certification for green hydrogen to facilitate exports.

2. **Infrastructure Investment**:

   - Public-private partnerships to share infrastructure costs.

   - Build pilot projects to test transport and storage technologies.

3. **Innovation and R&D**:

   - Invest in local manufacturing of electrolyzers and hydrogen equipment.

   - Fund research into cost-reduction technologies and alternative production methods (e.g., thermochemical processes).

4. **Capacity Building**:

   - Strengthen academic and vocational programs for hydrogen-related skills.

   - Collaborate with international partners to gain expertise.

5. **Market Development**:

   - Establish domestic hydrogen use cases (e.g., industrial decarbonization, transportation) to reduce reliance on export markets.

   - Collaborate with international buyers to secure long-term purchase agreements.

---

Addressing these challenges will require coordinated efforts from government, industry, academia, and international partners. Success depends on strategic planning, financial support, and technological innovation over the next decade.

Leading countries in the hydrogen economy.

Several countries are leading the hydrogen economy, each focusing on different aspects such as production, technology development, and infrastructure. These leaders are advancing hydrogen adoption through strategic policies, significant investments, and technological innovation.

---

### **1. Japan**

   - **Key Focus**: Hydrogen infrastructure and fuel cell technology.

   - **Highlights**:

     - A pioneer in hydrogen fuel cells for vehicles and residential energy.

     - Hosts the world’s first hydrogen-powered city project, *Fukushima Hydrogen Energy Research Field*.

     - Leading initiatives for hydrogen refueling stations with over 150 operational.

   - **Policies**:

     - The *Basic Hydrogen Strategy* (2017) targets large-scale adoption of hydrogen across industries.

     - Heavy investments in hydrogen imports, especially from Australia.

---

### **2. Germany**

   - **Key Focus**: Green hydrogen production and industrial decarbonization.

   - **Highlights**:

     - Europe's largest hydrogen economy underpinned by the *National Hydrogen Strategy* (2020).

     - Strong partnerships for green hydrogen imports from North Africa and the Middle East.

     - Focus on decarbonizing industries like steel and chemicals using green hydrogen.

   - **Policies**:

     - €9 billion investment in green hydrogen projects and infrastructure.

     - Target to produce 5 GW of green hydrogen capacity by 2030.

---

### **3. Australia**

   - **Key Focus**: Green hydrogen production for export.

   - **Highlights**:

     - Abundant solar and wind energy resources position Australia as a global green hydrogen exporter.

     - Large-scale projects like *Asian Renewable Energy Hub* in Western Australia.

     - Partnering with countries like Japan and South Korea to supply hydrogen.

   - **Policies**:

     - National Hydrogen Strategy (2019) focuses on export-driven hydrogen growth.

     - Significant private sector involvement, with companies like Fortescue Future Industries.

---

### **4. South Korea**

   - **Key Focus**: Hydrogen mobility and industrial applications.

   - **Highlights**:

     - Home to Hyundai, a leader in hydrogen fuel cell vehicles (e.g., NEXO).

     - Ambitious plans for a hydrogen-based public transportation fleet.

     - Developing hydrogen-powered power plants and industrial clusters.

   - **Policies**:

     - *Hydrogen Economy Roadmap* (2019) aims to achieve 5.26 million tons of hydrogen production by 2040.

     - Strong incentives for fuel cell vehicle adoption and hydrogen infrastructure.

---

### **5. United States**

   - **Key Focus**: Diverse hydrogen applications and technology development.

   - **Highlights**:

     - Major players in hydrogen fuel cell technology (e.g., Plug Power, Bloom Energy).

     - The Department of Energy’s *Hydrogen Earthshot* targets $1/kg hydrogen production cost by 2031.

     - California leads in hydrogen refueling stations and fuel cell vehicles.

   - **Policies**:

     - The *Inflation Reduction Act* (2022) includes tax credits for clean hydrogen production.

     - Federal funding of $9.5 billion for hydrogen hubs.

---

### **6. China**

   - **Key Focus**: Hydrogen transportation and industrial use.

   - **Highlights**:

     - World’s largest manufacturer of hydrogen, primarily from coal (gray hydrogen).

     - Rapidly expanding hydrogen fuel cell vehicle production and infrastructure.

     - Investment in green hydrogen to reduce dependence on fossil fuels.

   - **Policies**:

     - Regional hydrogen plans in provinces like Guangdong and Hebei.

     - Subsidies for hydrogen vehicle production and infrastructure development.

---

### **7. Netherlands**

   - **Key Focus**: Hydrogen imports and energy storage.

   - **Highlights**:

     - Positioned as Europe’s hydrogen import hub with port facilities like Rotterdam.

     - Pilot projects for large-scale hydrogen storage in salt caverns.

     - Strong collaboration with Germany and Denmark on cross-border hydrogen networks.

   - **Policies**:

     - The *Dutch Hydrogen Vision* aims for 3–4 GW of green hydrogen capacity by 2030.

---

### **8. Saudi Arabia**

   - **Key Focus**: Green and blue hydrogen for export.

   - **Highlights**:

     - World’s largest green hydrogen project under construction in *NEOM*.

     - Investments in ammonia-based hydrogen exports to Europe and Asia.

   - **Policies**:

     - Part of the Vision 2030 strategy to diversify from oil exports.

---

### **9. Chile**

   - **Key Focus**: Low-cost green hydrogen for export.

   - **Highlights**:

     - Leverages exceptional solar and wind resources in the Atacama Desert.

     - Positioned to become a top exporter of green hydrogen and ammonia.

   - **Policies**:

     - National Green Hydrogen Strategy targets becoming the world's cheapest green hydrogen producer by 2030.

---

### **10. Canada**

   - **Key Focus**: Clean hydrogen production and technology exports.

   - **Highlights**:

     - Strength in hydrogen fuel cell development (e.g., Ballard Power Systems).

     - Focus on blue hydrogen production using carbon capture.

   - **Policies**:

     - Hydrogen Strategy for Canada (2020) targets production, storage, and distribution infrastructure.

---

### Emerging Leaders

   - **Norway**: Green hydrogen from hydropower for maritime and industrial use.

   - **India**: Ambitious targets for green hydrogen production and industrial decarbonization.

   - **United Kingdom**: Funding for hydrogen innovation hubs and industrial applications.

---

Each of these countries leverages its strengths (renewable resources, industrial base, or innovation) to lead in different areas of the hydrogen economy. Together, they are advancing global hydrogen adoption.

Hydrogen projects all over the world are failing, yet the politicians shovel more money to the oil and gas companies and the hydrogen technology companies. What a huge bamboozle.

Hydrogen has one third the energy efficiency of  a pure electrical system. It's basic physics.

We have the technology to solve the climate crisis today: solar, wind, batteries, EVs, HVDC, pumped hydro.

No magical hydrogen or nuclear is required.

Or fusion! 🙃

@Pablo888

Do you know know the laws of thermodynamics?

@alan279 Yeah, I haven't really delved into it, but seems to me we should be doing a Manhattan type project and get everyone together to improve battery technologies - and also improve types of clean energy generation (wind, solar, wave, geothermal, etc.). 

@alan279

Hello 👋 Sir how are you doing today?

@Pablo888 Do you know know the laws of thermodynamics? - @alan279

Laws of thermodynamics - I think that this was in a lesson a long time ago.  I most likely forgot all of it as I have not done anything that required me to really understand it well.

I don't disagree with your assessment re: hydrogen.....

Just being the messenger here providing balancing information on the matter....  There are believers out there.

@Pablo888

Hydrogen believers are idiots.

@Pablo888
Hydrogen believers are idiots. - @alan279

I wouldn't call them idiots - and are the people believers or proponents?  There is a difference.  If you're an oil or gas producer, what do you want people working on - hydrogen or better batteries, solar, geothermal, etc.?  Follow the money. 

I'm an engineer.

I'm an engineer. - @alan279

Me too, so I won't hold it against you!  ;-)

Agree with all the above when it comes to for example mobility. It does not make much sense to have cars drive on hydrogen. In some very specific cases it could make sense for trucks or buses.

Green hydrogen will be necessary to defossilize the industry, especially fertilizer, steel and concrete.

Maybe also aviation: they will move to SAF's based on biofuels on the short term, but for the longer term it's still unclear.